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  • GEOPHYSICS  (23)
  • ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION  (7)
  • FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER  (6)
  • 1990-1994  (36)
  • 1
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    Stratospheric aerosol optical depths, 1850-1990 (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A global stratospheric aerosol database employed for climate simulations is described. For the period 1883-1990, aerosol optical depths are estimated from optical extinction data, whose quality increases with time over that period. For the period 1850-1882, aerosol optical depths are more crudely estimated from volcanological evidence for the volume of ejecta from major known volcanoes. The data set is available over Internet.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 98; D12; p. 22,987-22,994
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  • 2
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    Comparison of ozone profiles obtained with NIES DIAL and SAGE II measurements (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Ozone profiles obtained with the Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) system at the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) (Tsukuba, Japan) were compared with data provided by the satellite sensor SAGE II. The SAGE II data were selected based on criteria of spatial and temporal differences between the DIAL and the SAGE II measurements: five degrees in latitude and 15 degrees in longitude, within a latitudinal band from 31 deg to 41 deg N, and within one, three and five days after or before the DIAL measurements. Results show very good agreement for the individual and the zonal-mean profiles. The average mean difference between the DIAL and the SAGE II measurements over the altitudes 15-50 km was about 10 percent.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Meteorological Society of Japan, Journal (ISSN 0026-1165); 71; 1; p. 153-159.
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  • 3
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    Background stratospheric aerosol and polar stratospheric cloud reference models (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A global aerosol climatology is evolving from the NASA satellite experiments SAM II, SAGE I, and SAGE II. In addition, polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) data have been obtained from these experiments over the last decade. An undated reference model of the optical characteristics of the background aerosol is described and a new aerosol reference model derived from the latest available data is proposed. The aerosol models are referenced to the height above the tropopause. The impact of a number of volcanic eruptions is described. In addition, a model describing the seasonal, longitudinal, and interannual variations in PSCs is presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 13; 1, Ja
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  • 4
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    Initial assessment of the stratospheric and climatic impact of the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption - Prologue (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: An overview is given of the techniques employed to evaluate the early effects of the volcanic eruption on the stratosphere and climate, and data are given on the initial eruption yield. Global satellite measurements were taken by TOMS, SAGE II, AVHRR, and other devices, and the initial results indicate an eruption yield of 20 megatons of SO2 and 20-30 megatons of H2SO4/H2O aerosol mass. The predicted effects of the eruption - accelerated global ozone depletion and surface cooling - can be compared to meteorological data to test the validity of present climate models based on these data.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 19; 149
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  • 5
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    SAGE II measurements of early Pinatubo aerosols (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: SAGE II satellite measurements of the Mt. Pinatubo eruption cloud in the stratosphere during June, July, and early August 1991 show that aerosols in the tropics reached as high as 29 km altitude with most of the cloud between 20 and 25 km. The most optically thick portions of the cloud covered latitudes from 10 deg S to 30 deg N during the early part of this period. By late July, high stratospheric optical depths were observed to at least 70 deg N, with the high values north of about 30 deg N from layers below 20 km. High pressure systems in both hemispheres were observed to be correlated with the movement of volcanic material at 21 km into the westerly jet stream at high southern latitudes and similarly to high northern latitudes at 16 km. By August, the entire Southern Hemisphere had experienced a 10-fold increase in optical depth relative to early July due to layers above 20 km. Initial mass calculations using SAGE II data place the aerosol produced from this eruption at 20 to 30 megatons, well above the 12 megatons produced by El Chichon.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 19; 155-158
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  • 6
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    Stratospheric aerosol optical depth observed by the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment. II - Decay of the El Chichon and Ruiz volcanic perturbations (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The decay of the El Chichon perturbation to the optical depth of stratospheric aerosols at 1.02 micron, 0.525 micron, and 0.453 micron is calculated from the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II (SAGE II) data set for the period December 1984 to December 1988. It is found that the perturbed optical depths at middle and higher latitudes of both hemispheres exhibited an exponential decay superimposed by a seasonal oscillation with a maximum and a minimum occurring in local winter and local summer, respectively. Microphysical processes and variation of the tropopause height alone cannot explain this seasonal change of optical depth. The magnitudes of the exponential component at higher latitudes were, in general, larger than those at lower latitudes. For optical depths in tropical regions, the seasonal oscillations were small and were disturbed by the eruption of Nevado del Ruiz on November 13, 1985. The increase in the ratio of optical depth at 0.525 micron to that at 1.02 micron from about 2.0 at the beginning of 1985 to about 3.5 at the end of 1988 indicates the average size of aerosol particles in the stratosphere is diminishing since the eruption of El Chichon. The 1/e folding time for El Chichon decay derived from the SAGE II data set is in reasonably good agreement with those derived by other methods.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 96; 5209-521
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  • 7
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    Comparison of stratospheric ozone profiles and their seasonal variations as measured by lidar and Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment during 1988 (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A ground-based, high power, laser remote sensing system for measurements of stratospheric ozone concentration profiles has been in operation at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Table Mountain Facility located in southern California, since January 1988. The seasonal variations observed in the ozone profiles, during 1988 and as a function of altitude, are described here. These profiles are compared with those from the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment satellite instrument made within a radius of 1000 km from the lidar and also with the zonal mean measurements made in the band 34.4 +/- 5 deg. Comparison with the proposed new CIRA ozone reference model has also been carried out. The seasonal variations, between 25 and 50 km, observed by the two instruments and indicated by the reference model are in good agreement.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 95; 5605-561
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  • 8
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    Dual-polarization airborne lidar observations of polar stratospheric cloud evolution (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Dual-polarization 0.532 micron lidar data show systematic polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) evolution along a portion of the Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition DC-8 flight of January 31, 1989. This flight leg was roughly aligned with air parcel motion on isentropic surfaces from 400-500 K, where the local adiabatic cooling rate was about 20 K/day. Type 1 PSCs show low depolarization ratios and scattering ratios which approach intermediate limiting values as ambient temperature decreases. These data suggest that Type 1 particles formed by rapid cooling may be nearly spherical and are restricted in size by partitioning of a limited HNO3 vapor supply among many competing growth sites. Type 2 PSCs appear at temperatures below estimated local frost points with increases in depolarization and scattering typical of larger ice crystals.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters, Supplement (ISSN 0094-8276); 17; 389-392
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  • 9
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    Arctic polar stratospheric cloud observations by airborne lidar (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Lidar observations obtained from January 24 to February 2, 1989, during the Airborne Arctic Stratospheric expedition (AASE) mission further support the existence of two distinct classes (Types 1 and 2) of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs). Most of the Type 1 PSCs observed were formed by rapid adiabatic cooling and exhibited very low depolarization ratios and low-to-intermediate scattering ratios. Type 2 PSCs were observed in regions of lowest temperature and showed much larger depolarization and scattering ratios, as would be expected from larger ice crystals. PSCs with low scattering ratios but moderate depolarization ratios were observed near the center of the vortex on one flight. These may have been either sparse Type 2 PSCs or Type 1 PSCs formed by less rapid cooling.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters, Supplement (ISSN 0094-8276); 17; 381-383
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  • 10
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    Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II measurements of the quasi-biennial oscillations in ozone and nitrogen dioxide (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The first measurements ever to show a quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) in NO2 have been made by the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II) (SAGE II) and are presented in this work along with observations of the well-known QBO in stratospheric ozone. The SAGE II instrument was launched aboard the Earth Radiation Budget satellite near the end of 1984. Measurements of ozone and nitrogen dioxide through early 1990 are analyzed for the presence of a quasi-biennial oscillation. The measurements show the global extent of both the O3 and NO2 QBO in the 25- to 40-km region of the stratosphere. The SAGE II QBO results for ozone compare favorably to theory and previous measurements. The QBO in NO2 is found to be consistent with the vertical and horizontal transport of NOy. Both species exhibit a QBO at extratropical latitudes consistent with strong meridional transport into the winter hemisphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 96; 9371-937
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