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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Olfactory basis of cannibalism in grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae): II. field assessment of attractants (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2261-2272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Olfaction ; necrophily ; attraction ; feeding stimulant ; linoleic acid ; linolenic acid ; fatty acids ; Orthoptera ; Acrididae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The responses of rangeland grasshoppers to biologically and historically derived attractants were studied in a shortgrass prairie in southeastern Wyoming in July 1990. Seven long-chain fatty acids (C14–C20: singly and in combination), grasshopper cadavers, molasses, fruit extracts, and chloroform (solvent control) were tested. Each attractant was applied to filter paper and placed in an arena delimited by a 0.10-m2 aluminum ring. Grasshoppers were most attracted to linoleic and linolenic acids, with significantly more grasshoppers found in these arenas than in those of the controls or other attractants. These two fatty acids alone and in combination were more attractive at 1 grasshopper equivalent (GE) than at 5 GE. The seed bug,Lygaeus kalmii Stål, and five species of ants were also attracted to these two fatty acids. Molasses had significantly more grasshoppers on the filter paper than did the other attractants, but molasses had significantly fewer grasshoppers in the arena than the fatty acids. Fruit extracts were not effective at attracting grasshoppers. Water extracts of cadavers attracted significantly more grasshoppers to the bait than did chloroform extracts. Because the assayed grasshopper community was dominated by the Gomphocerinae (a subfamily that includes many pest species that do not readily consume wheat bran bait), it may be possible to use fatty acids in conjunction with insecticidal bran baits for increased control of rangeland grasshoppers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02033201
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Olfactory basis of cannibalism in grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acididae): I. laboratory assessment of attractants (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2249-2260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Orthoptera ; Acrididae ; grasshopper ; olfaction ; cannibalism ; necrophagia ; necrophilia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two laboratory-reared and five field-collected species of grass-hoppers were assayed for behavioral responses to volatile chemicals emitted from grasshopper cadavers using a two-choice olfactometer with no stimulus as a control. Necrophilic and necrophobic responses to the stimuli were dependent upon species, sex, development, starvation, crowding, and attractant. Laboratory-rearedMelanoplus differentialis (Thomas) and field-collectedHadrotettix trifasciatus (Say) andAulocara elliotti Thomas exhibited significant responses to the cadavers. Females of these three species showed significant movement towards the cadavers, but males were not significantly necrophilic. All tested developmental stages ofH. trifasciatus (fourth-instar nymphs through adults) showed significant attraction to cadavers. FedM. differentialis adults andH. trifasciatus adults and nymphs were significantly attracted to cadavers, but starved individuals were either repelled or exhibited no significant response. Although femaleA. elliotti from an uncrowded population were significantly attracted to cadavers, females from a crowded population were significantly repelled from cadavers. Contraspecific cadavers more frequently elicited a measurable response in adultM. sanguinipes andH. trifasciatus than did conspecific cadavers, and only contraspecific cadavers yielded a significant (necrophilic) response. AlthoughM. differentialis was necrophilic, neither males nor females were significantly attracted to water.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02033200
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Olfactory basis of cannibalism in grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae): III. Use of attractants on carbaryl wheat bran bait (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2273-2281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Grasshopper ; Orthoptera ; Acrididae ; attractants ; carbaryl ; linoleic ; linolenic ; fatty acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two known necrogenic attractants, linoleic acid (18:2) and linolenic acid (18:3), were added to carbaryl bran bait to enhance control of rangeland grasshoppers in southeastern Wyoming. The primary goal was to increase control of species of Gomphocerinae, which normally do not consume bran bait. Each attractant was applied at 1, 5, and 10 grasshopper equivalents (GE) (e.g., a 1-GE treatment had the amount of fatty acid per unit weight of wheat bran that would be found in one grasshopper). Controls included carbaryl bran with no attractant and no treatment. Bran was applied at a rate of 1 kg/ha to 1-ha blocks on June 6, 1992, with four replicates per treatment and control. Plots were sampled for grasshoppers and nontarget organisms one day prior to and one, two, and three days after treatment. The addition of linoleic acid (10 GE) resulted in significantly lower total grasshopper densities than carbaryl bran alone. None of the attractants significantly improved control of all Gomphocerinae due to inconsistent effects among species. Relative to carbaryl bait alone, all doses of both fatty acids significantly improved control ofAmphitornus coloradus (Thomas). However, the attractants did not change the level of control ofCordillacris occipitalis orAulocara elliotti, and linolenic acid (5 GE) and linoleic acid (1 GE) resulted in significantly poorer control ofAgeneotettix deorum (Scudder) than carbaryl bait alone. Nontarget arthropods were largely unaffected by the attractants, except for the spiders, which were significantly reduced in all linolenic acid treatments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02033202
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Collisionally Activated Dissociation of Some Bulkily Substituted Pyridinium Cations, II. Substituent Effect on Appearance Potential (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 125 (1992), S. 177-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Gas-phase dissociation ; Appearance energies ; Calculations, AM1 ; Pyridinium cations, N-benzyl-2,4,6-substituted ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Collisionally activated dissociations (CADs) of various pyridine-ring substituted N-benzylpyridinium cations in the gas phase form the substituted pyridine and benzyl carbocation. Appearance energies (AEs) are estimated quantitatively from the appearance thresholds of the corresponding fragment ion from the laser-desorbed pyridinium cations. MO calculations predict that such unimolecular dissociation processes lead initially to ion-molecule pairs (IMPs): some such IMPs are of significantly lower energy than the fully dissociated products. The AEs have also been compared with the energy differences [ΔΔHf=ΔHf(Py) + ΔHf(R+)  -  ΔHf(Py+R)] determined by AM1 calculations: in many cases these are quite close to the calculated energy differences; discrepancies are discussed.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19921250129
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phase-mixed poly(ethylene glycol)/poly(trimethylolpropane triacrylate) semi-interpenetrating polymer networks obtained by rapid network formation (1994)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 2715-2725 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: semi-IPN ; PEG ; TMPTA ; phase separation ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Semi-interpenetrating polymer networks (semi-IPNs) of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) in poly(trimethylolpropane triacrylate) (TMPTA) were synthesized from PEG melts in neat TMPTA monomer, using PEG of molecular weights from 4000 to 100,000 g/mol. Differential scanning calorimetry and transmission electron microscopy were used to examine phase separation occurring during network formation. The degree of phase separation was observed to depend upon the rate of PEG aggregation relative to the rate of network formation during TMPTA polymerization. Higher molecular weight PEG and acrylate-functionalized PEG formed more phase-mixed networks compared to lower molecular weight PEG; acetatefunctionalized PEG showed no difference from unmodified PEG in the extent of phase mixing. For networks that demonstrated phase separation, the PEG was observed to be in two states: some being phase mixed and solvent inextractable, and some being phase separated and solvent extractable. Phase-mixed networks could be obtained from this thermodynamically incompatible polymer pair utilizing rapid photopolymerization systems to overcome PEG phase aggregation and kinetically entrap the PEG in a nonequilibrium phase-mixed state. These mixed-phase semi-IPNs of PEG and TMPTA may be useful in biological applications where the presence of PEG is desired throughout the bulk matrix rather than as a surface graft to reduce biological interactions. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1994.080321412
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modification of islet of langerhans surfaces with immunoprotective poly(ethylene glycol) coatings via interfacial photopolymerization (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 44 (1994), S. 383-386 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: PEG coating ; islet of Langerhans ; insulin ; diabetes mellitus ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) has been used previously to alter immune interactions and systemic clearance of therapeutic proteins. We present herein chemical approaches for the conceptually similar treatment of therapeutic cells and tissues whereby immune and cell adhesive interactions may be reduced or interrupted, in the context of the transplantation of xenogeneic islets of Langerhans for the treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Visible-light-initiated interfacial photopolymerization of multifunctional PEG-based macromers was performed directly upon the surface of rat islets of Langerhans to produce conformal barrier hydrogel coatings with thickness of order 10 μ;m. The islets continued to be normal in ultrastructure and function as reflected by response to a glucose challenge in vitro. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260440317
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multifunctional poly(ethylene glycol) semi-interpenetrating polymer networks as highly selective adhesive substrates for bioadhesive peptide grafting (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 43 (1994), S. 772-780 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: bioadhesion ; peptides ; poly(ethylene glycol) ; polymer networks ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Novel artificial extracellular matrices were synthesized in the form of semi-interpenetrating polymer networks containing copolymers of poly(ethylene glycol) and acrylic acid (PEG-co-AA) grafted with synthetic bioadhesive peptides onto exposed carboxylic acid moieties. These substrates were very resistant to cell adhesion, but when they were grafted with adhesive peptides they were highly biospecific in their ability to support cell adhesion. Extensive preadsorption of adhesive proteins or peptides did not render these materials cell adhesive; yet covalent grafting of adhesive peptides did render these materials highly cell adhesive even in the absence of serum proteins. Polymer networks containing immobilized PEG-co-AA were grafted with peptides at densities of 475 ± 40 pmol/cm2. Polymer networks containing immobilized PEG-co-AA N-terminally grafted with GRGDS supported cell adhesion efficiencies of 42 ± 4% 4 h after seeding and became confluent after 12 h. These cells displayed cell spreading and cytoskeletal grafted with inactive control peptides (GRDGS, GRGES, or no peptide) supported cell adhesion efficiencies of 0 ± 0%, even when challenged with high seeding densities (to 100,000 cell/cm2) over 14 days. These polymer networks are suitable substrates to investigate in vitro cell-surface interactions in the presence of serum proteins without nonspecific protein adsorption adhesion signals other than those immobilized for study.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260430812
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Element-selective atomic emission detection for capillary GC of metal-containing compounds (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 669-676 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Selective GC detection of metals ; Atomic emission detection ; Microwave-induced plasma ; Metal-containing compounds ; Metalloporphyrins ; Organomanganese ; Organotitanium ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Element-selective GC detection by microwave-induced plasma atomic emission spectroscopy has been used to examine a wide variety of compounds containing metals, non-metals, and metalloids. “Recipes”, or new selective detection schemes for use with the software of the computer-controlled system, have been developed for the selective detection of boron, aluminum, gallium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, rhenium, palladium, and platinum. Figures of merit including limits of detection, linear dynamic range, and spectral selectivity over carbon have been established for most of these elements. Gas chromatography - atomic emission detection (GC-AED) has been applied to the selective detection of vanadium, nickel, and iron in metalloporphyrins present in crude oil, manganese-selective detection of methylcyclopentadienylmanganese tricarbonyl (MMT) in gasoline, and titanium-selective detection of reaction mixtures containing titanium catalysts or titanium boride molecular precursors.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240151008
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Atomic force microscopy of the banded structure of lyotropic polymers (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Macromolecular Rapid Communications 15 (1994), S. 815-821 
    Details
    ISSN: 1022-1336
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: No Abtract.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.1994.030151102
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The addition of carbonyl compounds to tetramesitylgermasilene and dimesitylgermyleneDedicated to Prof. Adrian Gibbs Brook, a respected mentor and friend, on the occasion of his seventieth birthday. (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Heteroatom Chemistry 5 (1994), S. 293-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1042-7163
    Keywords: Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Hexamesitylsiladigermirane, 1, has been photolyzed/thermolyzed in the presence of three representative carbonyl compounds: acetone, pivalaldehyde, and benzaldehyde. In each case, a [2 + 2] adduct between the carbonyl compound and Mes2Ge = SiMes2 was formed regioselectively to give a 2,3-silagermaoxetane. The 2,3-silagermaoxetanes have been fully characterized by IR and NMR (1H, 13C, and 29Si) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. In two cases, the structures have been confirmed by X-ray crystallography: 4,4-dimethyl-2,2,3,3-tetramesityl-2,3-silagermaoxetane, 2a; crystals are triclinic, space group P1 with Z = 2 in a unit cell of dimensions a = 12.318(3) Å, b = 12.436(2) Å, c = 11.884(2) Å, α = 100.13(1)°, β = 103.80(2)°, and γ = 89.97(2)°. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined by least squares on the basis of 2955 observed reflections to R1 and wR2 values of 0.0600 and 0.1363, respectively. The structure of 4-tert-butyl-2,2,3,3-tetramesityl-2,3-silagermaoxetane, 2b, was also determined; crystals are monoclinic, space group Cc with Z = 4 in a unit cell of dimensions a = 11.306(2) Å, b = 21.292(4) Å, c = 16.524(2) Å, and β = 106.83(1)°. The structure was determined by direct methods and refined by full-matrix least squares on the basis of 1817 observed reflections to R1 and wR2 values of 0.0621 and 0.1681, respectively. An adduct between dimesitylgermylene and the carbonyl compound was also isolated in each reaction. The structure of the adduct appears to depend upon the steric bulk of the group attached to the carbonyl carbon.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hc.520050315
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