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  • Chemistry  (3)
  • Ant-plant interactions  (2)
  • 1990-1994  (5)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diversity of ant-plant interactions: protective efficacy in Macaranga species with different degrees of ant association (1994)
    Springer
    Oecologia 97 (1994), S. 186-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Ant-plant interactions ; Herbivory Macaranga ; Mutualism ; Myrmecophytes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The pioneer tree Macaranga in SE Asia has developed manyfold associations with ants. The genus comprises all stages of interaction with ants, from facultative relationships to obligate myrmecophytes. Only myrmecophytic Macaranga offer nesting space for ants and are associated with a specific ant partner. The nonmyrmecophytic species are visited by a variety of different ant species which are attracted by extrafloral nectaries (EFN) and food bodies. Transitional Macaranga species like M. hosei are colonized later in their development due to their stem structure. Before the colonization by their specific Crematogaster partner the young plants are visited by different ant species attracted by EFN. These nectaries are reduced and food body production starts as soon as colonization becomes possible. We demonstrated earlier that obligate ant partners can protect their Macaranga plants against herbivore damage and vine cover. In this study we focused on nonspecific interactions and studied M. tanarius and M. hosei, representing a non-myrmecophyte and a transitional species respectively. In ant exclusion experiments both M. tanarius and M. hosei suffered significantly higher mean leaf damage than controls, 37% versus 6% in M. hosei, 16% versus 7% in M. tanarius. M. tanarius offers both EFN and food bodies so that tests for different effects of these two food rewards could be conducted. Plants with food bodies removed but with EFN remaining had the lowest mean increase of herbivore damage of all experimental groups. Main herbivores on M. hosei were mites and caterpillars. Many M. tanarius plants were infested by a shootborer. Both Macaranga species were visited by various ant species, Crematogaster spp. being the most abundant. We found no evidence for any specific relationships. The results of this study strongly support the hypothesis that non-specific, facultative associations with ants can be advantageous for Macaranga plants. Food bodies appear to have lower attractive value for opportunistic ants than EFN and may require a specific dietary adaptation. This is also indicated by the fact that food body production in the transitional M. hosei does not start before stem structure allows a colonization by the obligate Crematogaster species. M. hosei thus benefits from facultative association with a variety of ants until it produces its first domatia and can be colonized by its obligate mutualist.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00323148
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Domatia as most important adaptations in the evolution of myrmecophytes in the paleotropical tree genusMacaranga (Euphorbiaceae) (1992)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 180 (1992), S. 53-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Euphorbiaceae ; Macaranga ; Ant-plant interactions ; domatia ; evolution ; myrmecophytism ; Flora of Malaysia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The paleotropical tree genusMacaranga (Euphorbiaceae) comprises all stages of interaction with ants, from facultative associations to obligate myrmecophytes. In SE.-Asia food availability does not seem to be the limiting factor for the development of a close relationship since all species provide food for ants in form of extrafloral nectar and/or food bodies. Only myrmecophyticMacaranga species offer nesting space for ants (domatia) inside internodes which become hollow due to degeneration of the pith. Non-myrmecophytic species have a solid stem with a compact and wet pith and many resin ducts. The stem interior of some transitional species remains solid, but the soft pith can be excavated. The role of different ant-attracting attributes for the development of obligate ant-plant interactions is discussed. In the genusMacaranga, the provision of nesting space seems to be the most important factor for the evolution of obligate myrmecophytism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940397
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diagnostika Sostava Materialov Rentgenodifrakcionnimi I Spektralnymi Metodami (Identification of materials by X-ray diffraction and spectroscopical Techniques) (in Russian), M. S. Nakhmanson and V. G. Feklitschev, Mashinostroenie, Leningrad, 1990. 357 pages. ISBN 5-217-00915-2, Rubl 5.40 (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 546-547 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050608
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nucleophilic Chlorination of 3-Formyl-4-hydroxy-quinolin-2(1H)-ones (1993)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 335 (1993), S. 128-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 0941-1216
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Chlorination of 1-substituted 3-formyl-4-hydroxy-2-quinolones (1a, b) with phosphorylchloride leads to 4-chloro-3-dichloromethylquinolones (2), which can be hydrolyzed to 4-chloro-3-formyl-quinolones (4). From the anilinomethylene quinolinediones (3), at low temperatures the formylquinolones 4 can be obtained directly, whereas at high temperatures cleavage of the tautomeric azomethine moiety followed by subsequent ring closure to the naphthyridines (7) takes place. With 1-unsubstituted 3-formyl-4-hydroxy-2-quinolones (1d) either the 3-dichloromethylquinolone (2d) or the 2,4-dichloro-3-dichloro-methylquinoline (10) is obtained depending on the reaction conditions. Similar results are obtained with the 1-unsubstituted anilinomethylene compounds (3). Attempts to obtain the 3-formyl-2,4-dichloroquinoline (11) were unsuccessful because in all experiments the 2-chloro-group was converted to an oxygen function.
    Additional Material: 8 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prac.19933350203
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berechnung der Wärmestrahlung großer Feuer mit dem Ballen-Strahlungsmodell OSRAMO (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 63 (1991), S. 760-761 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Poolflammen ; Wärmestrahlungsmodelle ; Absorptionskoeffizienten ; Thermografie ; organisierte Strukturen ; Abbrandgeschwindigkeiten ; Energiebilanzen ; Rußwolken ; brennbare Flüssigkeiten ; Sicherheit ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330630725
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