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  • 1
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    An overview of the Solar, Anomalous, and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer (SAMPEX) mission (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The scientific objective of the NASA Small-class Explorer Mission SAMPEX is summarized. A brief history of the Small Explorer program is provided along with a description of the SAMPEX project development and structure. The spacecraft and scientific instrument configuration is presented. The orbit of SAMPEX has an altitude of 520 by 670 km and an 82 deg inclination. Maximum possible power is provided by articulated solar arrays that point continuously toward the sun. Highly sensitive science instruments point generally toward the local zenith, especially over the terrestrial poles, in order to measure optimally the galactic and solar cosmic ray flux. Energetic magnetospheric particle precipitation is monitored at lower geomagnetic latitudes. The spacecraft uses several innovative approaches including an optical fiber bus, powerful onboard computers, and large solid state memories (instead of tape recorders). Spacecraft communication and data acquisition are discussed, and the space- and ground-segment data flows are summarized. A mission lifetime of 3 years is sought with the goal of extending data acquisition over an even longer portion of the 11-year solar activity cycle.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); 31; 3; p. 531-541.
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    NASA's Small Explorer program (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: NASA's Small Explorer program, or 'SMEX', was designed to support disciplines heretofore accommodated within NASA's astrophysics/space physics/upper-atmosphere science Explorer program. Under the aegis of SMEX, a principal investigator proposes an entire mission and its experiments; emphasis is placed on the passing of spacecraft-design experience to a new generation of scientists and engineers. The first SMEX mission selected for implementation is the Solar Anomalous and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer, which is scheduled for launch on June, 1992.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Physics Today (ISSN 0031-9228); 44; 44-51
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    The Mercury Dual Orbiter mission (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The Mercury Orbiter (MeO) will carry out a full range of particles, fields, and planetary imaging science at Mercury. Present mission plans call for a launch in 1999 with a flight time of about 4.5 years. By means of multiple Venus and Mercury gravitational assists, the mission can be accomplished with present U.S. launch vehicles and a very large payload can be placed in orbit around Mercury. The dual-spacecraft concept will permit outstanding scientific study of solar cosmic rays and the solar wind throughout the inner heliosphere from 0.3 AU to 1.0 AU. Modest enhancements to the planned magnetospheric instruments and utilization of onboard solar instruments will permit unique investigation of solar particle acceleration and transport with the MeO spacecraft.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    Humans to Mars in 1999 (1991)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: A set of vehicle designs and a mission architecture that was developed to send humans to Mars in the 1990's are discussed. Launching, landing, a 500 day stay on Mars, and a return to Earth are discussed. The plan is not merely a one shot expedition, but puts into place immediately an economical method of Earth-Mars transportation, real surface exploratory mobility, and significant base capabilities that can rapidly evolve into a mostly self-sufficient Mars colony. Since the plans call for the use of a combination of off the shelf technology and new technology that can be easily developed, the authors argue that there is no reason to postpone the exploration of Mars until several decades after a lunar base build-up.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA, Washington, Space Transportation Propulsion Technology Symposium. Volume 3: Panel Session Summaries and Presentations; p 881-891
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 5
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    SAMPEX mission overview (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The Solar, Anomalous, and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer SAMPEX will carry out energetic particle studies of outstanding scientific questions in the fields of space plasma physics, solar physics, magnetospheric and middle atmospheric physics, and cosmic ray physics. SAMPEX will measure the electron and ion composition of energetic particle populations from about 0.4 MeV/nucleon to hundreds of MeV/nucleon from a zenith-pointing small satellite in near-polar orbit. While over the magnetic poles, the instruments will study the composition of anomalous cosmic rays, solar energetic particles, and Galactic cosmic rays. At lower magnetic latitudes, geomagnetic cutoff effects will allow determination of the ionization state of these particles at energies much higher than can be studied from interplanetary spacecraft. At subauroral latitudes, SAMPEX will also observe precipitating relativistic magnetospheric electrons, which undergo important intertactions within the middle atmosphere.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
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  • 6
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    Mars direct - A coherent architecture for the Space Exploration Initiative (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The coherency of the conventional earth-orbital assembly/Mars orbital rendezvous is analyzed in terms of the Space Exploration Initiative (SEI) architecture and an alternate approach is given. The coherency - defined as a combination of simplicity, robustness, and cost-effectiveness - of the conventional SEI is found to be inadequate. The Mars Direct plan is described in detail and proposed as an efficient alternative for both Martian and lunar applications. In situ propellant production on the target-planet's surface is described, and candidate vehicle designs are set forth. Objectives and problems associated with a manned mission are outlined, and details regarding surface activities and support are given. Nuclear thermal rocket propulsion is determined to be an efficient way to improve mission capability, and the Mars Direct SEI architecture can integrate such technology. The Mars Direct SEI is concluded to be a more effective plan than the conventional rendezvous mission.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: AIAA PAPER 91-2333
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 7
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    Mars direct - A simple, robust, and cost effective architecture for the Space Exploration Initiative (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Both the Martian and lunar forms of implementation of the Mars Direct architecture are discussed. Candidate vehicle designs are presented and the means of performing the required in situ propellant production is explained. The in situ propellant process is also shown to present very high leverage for a Mars Rover Sample Return mission flown as a scaled down precursor version of the manned Mars Direct. Methods of coping with the radiation and zero gravity problems presented by a manned Mars mission are discussed. Prime objectives for surface exploration are outlined and the need for substantial surface mobility is made clear. Combustion powered vehicles utilizing the in situ produced methane/oxygen are proposed as a means for meeting the surface mobility requirement. Nuclear thermal rocket propulsion is suggested as a means to improve mission capability.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: AIAA PAPER 91-0329
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  • 8
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    The Cambridge encyclopedia of space (revised edition) (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: A comprehensive and intensively illustrated development history is presented for spaceflight, ranging over its basic concepts' speculative and fictional origins, the historical roots of rocket-related technologies, and the scientific accomplishments of earth orbit and interplanetary missions to date. Attention is given to propulsion systems, spaceflight launch centers, satellite systems, and solar system exploration by the U.S. and the Soviet Union. Current space-related activities encompass the meteorology, remote sensing, telecommunications and direct broadcasting, and navigation functions of unmanned satellites, as well as such manned spacecraft roles as medical and materials science research. The military uses of space, and increasingly important space industrialization concepts, are discussed as well.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
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