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  • Articles  (40)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (40)
  • 1990-1994  (40)
  • Physics  (40)
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  • Articles  (40)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Non-Newtonian and isothermal analysis of flow of poly(methyl methacrylate) in a model twin screw extruder. Part I (1994)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 34 (1994), S. 986-994 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The flow analysis network (FAN) method was modified to analyze the flow of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) in a model counter-rotating nonintermeshing screw extruder. The numerical prediction of the pressure profiles was compared with the experimental results. Flow patterns in the screw elements of the model counter-rotating nonintermeshing twin screw extruder were also predicted. A new flow path method was developed to calculate the residence time distribution. This result will be applied to analyze the flow during the reaction in the model twin screw extruder.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760341207
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conformational changes of amorphous poly(ethylene terephthalate) films during uniaxial stretching (1991)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 192 (1991), S. 301-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Rapid scanning Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy was used to follow the changes in the population of trans conformers and in the infra-red dichroic functions of the bands characterizing the trans (T) and gauche (G) conformers and the chains in the amorphous regions during stretching of a solution-cast amorphous poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) film A in the glassy state (67°C) and in the rubbery state (88°C). Stretching at 67°C showed a yield stress peak followed by strain softening in the stress-strain curve. The population of trans conformers in the amorphous and crystalline regions, Ta + Tc, decreased in the pre-yielding region and then increased continuously after yielding. The T conformers formed during post-yield stretching showed high orientation, while the G conformers remained in low degree of orientation. Stretching at 88°C showed no pronounced yield stress peak in the stress-strain curve, and the population of T conformers did not change until the beginning strain-induced crystallization. A solvent-cast PET film annealed at 67°C for 24 h, the film N, showed a sharp and high yield stress peak in the stress-strain curve, and strain-induced crystallization occurred at lower draw ratio as compared to the film A. The film A showed a non-equilibrium high population of Ta conformers, part of which reverted to G conformers during sub-Tg annealing.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1991.021920212
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The thermal deprotection process in an e-beam exposed phenolic-based polymer (1992)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 32 (1992), S. 1589-1594 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In our current work, we have examined the e-beam sensitivity and thermal processing behavior of pure PBOCST [poly(tert-butoxycarbonyloxystyrene)]. An alkali soluble latent image can be generated in the PBOCST by e-beam exposure followed by a post-exposure bake (PEB) at relatively high temperatures (140 to 150°C). Pattern wet development operates on the same basis as a PBOCST/acid generator two component system. Deprotection, accelerated by the exposure, yields alkali soluble areas, while unexposed areas remain insoluble. Sensitivities of 5 to 10°C/cm2 and contrasts of 6 to 10 have been measured. Complete TBOC deprotection results in a film thickness loss of 35 to 40% as CO2 and isobutene are evolved. A laser interferometer/hotplate setup was used to track film thickness with time during the thermal deprotection process. IR analysis confirmed the correlation between conversion and thickness. It was found that a slow initial conversion rate was followed an exponentially steep rise in rate after 50% conversion. Activation energies were on the order of 30 kcal/mol. It was concluded that thermolysis in both exposed and unexposed resist occurred during the PEB, but that the difference in extent of conversion on exposure was sufficient to generate a pattern.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760322108
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Non-Newtonian and non-isothermal analysis of flow during polymerization of methyl methacrylate in a model twin screw extruder. Part II (1994)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 34 (1994), S. 995-1004 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The flow analysis network (FAN) method was modified to analyze the flow during polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) in a model counter-rotating nonintermeshing screw extruder. The shear viscosity of the reactive mixture in the twin screw extruder was considered as a mixture of polymer and monomer. Thus, the reaction viscosity of the mixture of polymer and monomer was taken to be an explicit function dependent on the shear rate, temperature, conversion, and molecular weight. A new flow path method was developed to calculate the residence time distribution, which related to the degree of conversion. The numerical prediction of the velocity, temperature, viscosity, and pressure profiles during reaction in the model twin screw extruder is described.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760341208
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Percolation effects in degradable polyethylene-starch blends (1991)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 29 (1991), S. 565-579 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The accessibility of starch in polyethylene starch blends was investigated by computer simulation, percolation theory, and acid hydrolysis experiments. The object of this work was to model the bilateral invasion of microbes in polyethylene-starch blends as a function of starch concentration (p), and thickness of the material. It was found that computer simulations in three dimensions were in agreement with both percolation theory and the acid digestion experiments. In computer simulation the accessibility is highly dependent on the percolation threshold concentration (pc), which is 31.17%. Similarly, the accessibility of starch is highly dependent on an apparent percolation threshold near 30% by volume or approximately 40% by weight of starch. At p 〈 pc a small amount of starch is removed from the surfaces only, but at p 〉 pc connected pathways existing throughout the bulk of the material facilitate large amounts of starch extraction. The sharpness of the transition at pc increases with the ratio of sample thickness to starch particle size. The results of this work have application to conduction and reacting systems where one component is dispersed in a matrix of the other.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1991.090290506
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    General procedures to determine the composition of commercial, two-part polysulfide aircraft sealants (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 41 (1990), S. 2837-2856 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Interpretation of the chemical processes which polysulfide sealants undergo either on storage or when the cured material is subjected to environmental influences requires detailed knowledge of formulations. Procedures have been developed to isolate and identify a range of additives in two-part commercial aircraft sealants of both the dichromate and manganese dioxide cure types. Solvents, curing agent dispersants, and cure rate modifiers were separated chemically and thermal analysis was demonstrated to provide a ready means to estimate carbon in fillers. The phenolic resin adhesion enhancers were conveniently determined using 13C-NMR spectroscopy and could also be identified using size exclusion chromatography. It was shown that virtually no interaction occurred between polysulfide liquid polymers and phenolic resins following aging at 70°C for 7 days. The most appropriate methods for determining curative levels were established and new means of assessing thiol content of the polysulfides by both 13C-NMR and PMR spectroscopy are described. The significance of aspects of the sealant formulations is discussed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1990.070411126
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Shrinkage force studies of oriented polyethylene terephthalate (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 42 (1991), S. 1921-1929 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Shrinkage force measurements on drawn polyethylene terephthalate fibres have been evaluated in terms of the elastic behaviour of a molecular network. It is shown that for low network deformations the classical theory of Kuhn and Grün describes the stress-optical behaviour very well. For high deformations, the recent theory of Edwards and Vilgis has been found to give a satisfactory description of the data. It also provides some tentative insights into the structure of the spun yarns.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1991.070420715
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structural changes on plasma irradiation of ethyl-cyanethyl cellulose as revealed by infrared spectroscopic technique (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 43 (1991), S. 19-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Ethyl-cyanethyl cellulose was treated with oxygen plasma using the RF glow discharge technique. Three different plasma-treated samples, including gel fraction, soluble fraction, and newly polymerized product by small moleculars given off by ethyl-cyanethyl cellulose, were obtained. With the infrared spectroscopic technique, the structural differences caused by plasma were studied. The effect of different gas plasma N2, Ar, and O2 on the structure of ethyl-cyanethyl cellulose was also studied.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1991.070430103
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adiabatic anionic polymerization of caprolactam in the presence of N-acylated caprolactam macroactivator: Kinetic study (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 50 (1993), S. 1671-1681 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In this study, bis ∊-caprolactam bis-diphenyl methane diisocyanate polypropylene glycol 1000 used as the macroactivator was prepared and well characterized prior to use. The anionic polymerization of ∊-caprolactam with the macroactivator as a function of the macroactivator concentration was adiabatically carried out. The adiabatic temperature rise method as well as the macrokinetics were used for elucidation of the kinetics of the polymerization. A nonlinear regression technique was used for determining the parameters of the macrokinetic equation. The equilibrium conversion and equilibrium time obtained were 94-96% and 2-9 min depending on the macroactivator concentration. The effects of the concentrations of macroactivator and ∊-caprolactam on the initial rate, apparent overall reaction rate, and the empirical parameters were studied. A side reaction induced by the transfer of the proton in the isocyanurate group of the macroactivator to caprolactam anion was found. According to this finding, a new reaction kinetic model was proposed by properly modifying the macrokinetic equation. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1993.070501001
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A thermally stimulated current/relaxation map analysis of the relaxation processes in aromatic polyester, liquid crystal polymer film (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 53 (1994), S. 587-608 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Thermally stimulated current (TSC) and relaxation map analysis (RMA) have been applied to the examination of dynamics of thermally induced relaxation processes in highly oriented, wholly aromatic, polyester liquid crystalline polymer films. Films of two compositions were examined. A primary distinction in composition was the difference in level of 6-hydroxy-2-napthoic acid. Following an analysis protocol developed by Sauer et al., it was found that values of activation enthalpy were well above the zero entropy value at temperatures well below the Sauer “Tg.” This indicates a high level of cooperativity in rotational relaxation processes even at low temperatures. Cooperative rotational relaxation domains were postulated to account for this behavior. The persistence of cooperativity above the Sauer “Tg.” is evidence that these materials did not undergo a conventional glass transition at any temperature in the range-80 to 200°C. The behavior of these materials as a model system of “loosely bundled rods” was examined using a modified Barker-Crine analysis. This type of model behavior seemed to fall off at relatively low temperatures. The occurrence of rotational processes at high temperatures with little or no loss in orientation suggests that polymer chains are physically constrained to maintain their relative positions. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 24 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1994.070530511
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