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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (250)
  • Inorganic Chemistry  (44)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (294)
  • 1990-1994  (294)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 31 (1993), S. 2305-2311 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: polystyrene ; bis(vinylphenyl)ethane ; bis(vinylbenzyloxi)alkanes ; mechanical strength ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis of some divinyl monomers - bis(vinylphenyl)ethane (2), bis(vinylbenzyloxy)hexane (3a), and bis(vinylbenzyloxy)dodecane (3b) is reported. Copolymers of the new monomers and styrene were evaluated as an alternative to divinylbenzene-crosslinked polymers for use as matrices and absorbents. The mechanical properties and the amount of residual double bonds in the copolymers were compared. It was found that the new copolymers, unlike the divinylbenzene-crosslinked polymers, retained their mechanical strength even at high crosslinking degrees. Stress at break values of 79, 68, and 18 N/mm2 were found for the polymers crosslinked with 20 mol % of 3a, 2, and divinylbenzene; 5, 25 and 45% of the divinyl units in these polymers were left as pendant double bonds. Porous styrene-2 copolymers were synthesized and shown to have lower surface areas than the corresponding divinylbenzene-crosslinked polymers. The pore size distribution showed that this was due to the absence of the smallest pores which are found in the divinylbenzene-crosslinked polymers in between heavily crosslinked nodules. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 495-502 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: polypyrrole ; polymer composites ; template polymerization ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Electrically conducting polymer composite films have been synthesized by the exposure of poly(4-vinylpyridine) complexed with cupric ions to pyrrole and water vapor. To immobilize a stoichiometric amount of the oxidant inside the polymer matrix, the ratio of poly(4-vinylpyridine)/cupric ion = 1.8 was chosen. Polypyrrole was formed in this tailored structure by a template polymerization process. Opaque polymer composite films with electrical conductivity up to 60 (Ω cm)-1 have been obtained by this method, However, slightly colored transparent composite thin films with a conductivity as high as 50 (Ω cm)-1 were also produced. The electrically conducting polymer composite films and the metal-polymer complex have been characterized by XPS and IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, EDX, and scanning electron microscopy. The polymerization process was also followed by use of a quartz crystal microbalance. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 30 (1992), S. 707-716 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: poly(ethylene terphthalate), diffusion of ethylene glycol in melts of ; diffusion coefficient of ethylene glycol in PET melts ; diffusion with chemical reaction of ethyleneglycol in PET melts ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Diffusion coefficients of ethylene glycol (EG) have been measured in poly(ethylene terephthlate) (PET) melts by a quartz-spring sorption apparatus. A simple mathematical model was developed to investigate the sorption behavior accompanied by chemical reactions of EG and PET at high temperatures. Diffusion coefficients are deduced from experimental data for an asymptotically thin sample in order to minimize the effects of reactions. The diffusion coefficient of EG is strongly dependent on the vapor pressure of EG and temperature but not on the molecular weight of PET in this experimental range (degree of polymerization 80-120). The diffusion coefficient of EG in PET melt at 265°C is 2.58 × 10-7 cm2/s at the limit of zero concentration of EG. The activation energy for diffusion is 38.4 kcal/gmol, and the heat of solution for sorption is -44.9 kcal/gmol. The concentrations of the volatile materials resulting from reactions in PET-EG system were analyzed with gas chromatography. In addition, a fit of the current model to experimental data yields frequency factors for the polymerization reaction (k1) and the acetaldehyde formation reaction (k2) to be 5.84 × 108 cm3/mol ċ min and 3.90 × 1011 min-1, respectively.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 1170-1174 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Nickel and palladium boride colloids ; phosphine stabilization ; high resolution electron microscopy ; amorphous metal borides ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Ligandstabilisierte Nickel- und Palladiumborid-KolloideEs wird ein Weg zu den ersten ligand-stabilisierten Nickel- und Palladiumborid-Kolloiden mit Kerndurchmessern von 1,4 und 1,6 nm beschrieben. Die Teilchen bilden sich bei der Reaktion der Metallkomplexe Cl2M(PR3)2 (M = Ni, Pd; PR3 = PPr3, PBu3) mit B2H6 in Toluol bei Raumtemperatur in 40-70% Ausbeute. Die Charakterisierung der pyrophoren braunen Pulver erfolgte durch Elementaranalysen, die zu kleinsten Formeleinheiten führten, welche dann durch Molmassebestimmungen mittels analytischer Ultrazentrifuge zu gemittelten Molekülformeln erweitert werden konnten: [Ni6B10Cl1,5(PPr3)]12,5 (1), [Ni6B10Cl1,5(PBu3)]8,5 (2), [Pd4B6Cl(PPr3)]16,5 (3) und [Pd4B6Cl(PBu3)]16,5 (4). Aus den Massen der Kolloidkerne und ihren ungefähr berechneten Dichten konnte die Größe der Boridpartikel abgeschätzt werden. Die Durchmesser von 1,6 nm für 1, 3, und 4 sind innerhalb der Fehlergrenzen gleich. Nur 2 scheint einen geringfügig reduzierten Durchmesser von 1,4 nm zu besitzen. 1-4 können in inerten organischen Lösungsmitteln in beliebiger Konzentration dispergiert werden.Um diese relativ ungenauen Werte zu untermauern, wurde die hochauflösende Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie verwendet. Untersuchungen von 1 und 3 zeigen tatsächlich durchschnittliche Teilchengrößen von 1,6 ± 0,3 nm in Übereinstimmung mit den aus den Massebestimmungen erhaltenen Daten. Überraschenderweise scheinen die meisten der beobachteten Teilchen amorphe Struktur zu besitzen. Diese Beobachtung wird durch Röntgenbeugungsexperimente unterstützt, da keine signifikanten Reflexdaten erhalten werden konnten. 31P- und 11B-NMR-Messungen wurden ebenfalls vorgenommen, tragen jedoch zur weiteren Charakterisierung nicht bei.
    Notes: A route to the first ligand stabilized nickel and palladium boride colloids with core diameters of 1.4 and 1.6 nm is described. The particles are formed by reaction of the metal complexes Cl2M(PR3)2 (M = Ni, Pd, PR3 = PPr3, PBu3) with B2H6 in toluene at room temperature with 40-70% yield. The characterization of the pyrophoric brown powders occurred by elementary analyses, resulting in smallest formula units, which then could be extended to averaged molecular formulas by mass determinations, using an analytical ultracentrifuge: [Ni6B10Cl1.5(PPr3)]12.5 (1), [Ni6B10Cl1.5(PBu3)]8.5 (2), [Pd4B6Cl(PPr3)]16.5 (3), and [Pd4B6Cl(PBu3)]16.5 (4). From the masses of the colloid cores and their roughly calculated densities the size of the boride particles could be estimated. The diameters of 1.6 nm for 1, 3, and 4 are identical within the experimental error. Only 2 seems to have a slightly reduced diameter of 1.4 nm. 1-4 can be dispersed in inert organic solvents in any concentration.To confirm these relatively uncertain values high resolution transmission electron microscopy has been used. Investigations of 1 and 3 show indeed an averaged particle size of 1.6 ± 0.3 nm in agreement with the data derived from the mass determinations. Surprisingly most of the observed particles appear to have amorphous structure. This finding is supported by X-ray powder diffraction experiments, as no significant reflex data could be registered. 31P and 11B NMR measurements have been performed too, however, do not contribute to further characterization.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 607 (1992), S. 183-187 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: β-dicalcium silicate ; manganese ions ; high field ESR ; ESR fine-and hyperfine structure transitions ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zum Einbau von Manganionen in die β-Ca2 SiO4-Struktur. Eine Hochfeld-ESR-StudieDie Stabilisierung der β-Dicalciumsilicat-Struktur durch Dotierung mit Mangan wurde mit Hilfe der ESR im X-Band (3,2cm) und Q-Band (8mm) und der Hochfeld-ESR (W-Band (2m)) untersucht. Bei kleinen Mn-Gehalten erfolgt der Einbau der Manganionen als Mn2+ auf Gitterplätze geringer Verzerrung. Die Erhöhung des Mn-Gehaltes verstärkt den stabilisierenden Effekt und es resultieren zusätzlich Feinstrukturmultipletts von Mn2+ -und Mn4+-Ionen, die axial bzw. rhombisch verzerrte Plätze der Dicalciumsilicat-Struktur besetzen. Die bezüglich Konzentration und Ladungszustand variable Substitution im Kationengitter steht offensichtlich im Zusammenhang mit einem Abbau von Ladungs- bzw. Bindungslängendiskrepanzen bei der Kristallisation der undotierten Verbindung und eröffnet damit die Möglichkeit der Ausbildung regulärer Einkristalle.
    Notes: The stabilization effect of dopants of the structure of β-dicalcium silicate using manganese in different oxidation states was investigated in detail by ESR at 3.2 cm (X-band), 8mm(Q-band) and by high field ESR at 2mm(W-band). The assignment of the signals was supported by corresponding single crystal measurements using X-Band and Q-band. If there are only low manganese concentrations on forming the microcrystallites the incorporated Mn2+ will be localized on less distorted sites of the lattice. Increasing the manganese concentration the Mn2+ spectra are superimposed by the fine structure of Mn2+ and of Mn4+ ions occupying distorted lattice sites with axial and rhombic symmetry. This pattern of the cation substitution represents the typical transition metal behaviour and obviously favours the formation of regular crystalline units from the melt on compensating of non-equivalent distances and charges.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 181 (1990), S. 41-52 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: In aqueous dispersions of anionic polyurethanes containing the triethylammonium salt of 2,2-dimethylol propionic acid as chain extender, triethylamine can be largely replaced by ammonia. For electrostatic reasons, NH4+ is namely more tightly bound in the ion pairs located in the Stern layer than NH(C2H5)3+. Thermal treatment of films leads to a loss of base, whereby ammonia is more rapidly released than triethylamine. Therefore, crosslinking with partially methylated hexamethylolmelamine proceeds the faster the more triethylamine is replaced by ammonia.
    Notes: In Dispersionen aus anionischen Polyurethanen, die das Triethylammoniumsalz der 2,2-Dimethylolpropionsäure als Kettenverlängerungsmittel enthalten, läßt sich durch Zugabe von Ammoniak eine weitgehende Verdrängung des Triethylamins erreichen. Aus elektrostatischen Gründen ist nämlich in den in der Sternschen Schicht lokalisierten Ionenpaaren NH4+ fester gebunden als NH(C2H5)3+. Bei der thermischen Behandlung der Filme tritt Basenabspaltung ein, dabei erfolgt die Abgabe von Ammoniak deutlich schneller als die von Triethylamin. Die Spannungswerte der mit teilmethyliertem Hexamethylolmelamin vernetzten Proben sind daher um so höher, je mehr Triethylamin durch Ammoniak ersetzt wurde.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1991), S. 329-334 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1990), S. 117-128 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Für das System Cellulosenitrat-μ-Styragel-THF wurde die DP-Ve-Beziehung sowie die Ausarbeitung der betreffenden Eichparameter einer genaueren Betrachtung unterzogen. Die etwa dreißig Eichpräparate waren durch definierten säurekatalysierten Abbau von Baumwollcellulose und anschließende Nitrierung hergestellt worden und umfaßten einen DP-Bereich von 150 〈 DP 〈 8000. Es wird gezeigt, daß mit steigendem DP die DP-Ve-Beziehung drei verschiedene Phasen aufweist. Bei der Anwendung der SEC auf Cellulosenitrat müssen daher bezüglich der Eichung zwei Fehlerquellen in Betracht gezogen werden: eine bezieht sich auf die Methode der Ausarbeitung der Eichparameter als solche, und die andere auf die Nichtbeachtung des Vorhandenseins dreier Abschnitte in der DP-Ve-Beziehung. Die Auswirkung dieser Fehler auf die Genauigkeit der aus den Elutionsdiagrammen abgeleiteten Verteilungskurven und DP-Mittelwerte wird diskutiert.
    Notes: The calibration behaviour of the system cellulose nitrate-μ-Styragel-THF has been studied using about 30 different calibration samples prepared by defined acid catalyzed degradation of cotton cellulose. The samples covered a range of DP between 150 〈 DP 〈 8000. It is shown that the DP-Ve relationship is characterized by the existence of three subsequent stages. Consequently, two sources of errors in the DP-Ve calibration must be taken into consideration. One refers to the methods as such to elaborate the calibration parameters, and the other one arises by neglecting that the DP-Ve relationship involves 3 distinct stages. The extent of the two classes of errors in regard to the exactness of the determined molecular weight averages and molecular weight distributions is discussed.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Additionspolymere aus Bisphenol-A und Epichlorhydrin lassen sich mit Arylacryloylchloriden verestern. Die gebildeten Photoresists können mit UV-Licht (λ ≥ 280 nm) gehärtet werden. Aus FT-IR Messungen ergibt sich, daß die Netzwerkbildungsreaktion einem Zeitgesetz zweiter Ordnung gehorcht. DSC- und TGA-Messungen wurden durchgeführt. Die photovernetzten Polymeren weisen Glastemperaturen bis zu 171 °C auf und sind bis mindestens 350 °C thermisch stabil. Spektroskopische Daten werden aufgeführt.
    Notes: Addition polymers of bisphenol-A and epichlorohydrin can easily be esterified with aryl acryloyl chlorides to yield photosensitive polymers. The photoresists are curable with UV-irradiation (λ ≥ 280 nm). FT-IR measurements indicate that the network formation fonforms to second order kinetics. DSC and TGA measurements were carried out. The glass transition temperature of irradiated material is up to 171oC; the material is thermally stable up to 350oC. Spectral data are given.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Polyriboadenylates of alkali metals were obtained from (1) K+-poly(A) (salts I) and (2) H+-poly( A) (salts II) by the ion-exchange method. The conductivity of these salts as well as of H+-poly(A) were studied. Salts I and II of the same counterion were shown to have significantly different conductivity coefficients (f) and polyion conductances (λp0). The charge density parameter (ζ) was 1.3 and 2.5, respectively, with λp0 equal to 44 and 83 ohm-1 cm2 mole-1 for poly(A)-I and poly (A)-II salts, respectively. This is credited to the difference in the conformations of corresponding polyions. The linear dependence of equivalent conductivity on the square root of polymer concentration (Kohlrausch coordinates), earlier obtained for DNA, is also satisfied for the studied polynucleotides. A comparison of the slopes of straight lines in Kohlrausch coordinates for poly(A), simple electrolytes, and for earlier studied polyribouridylic acid salts lends credence to the concepts, developed by a number of authors, that DNA can act as a “buffer” against the ion-ion interaction in concentrated electrolyte solutions. Using the approximation that the polyion conductance is independent of the counterion nature, parameter f (agreeing in this case with Eisenberg parameter φ) has been shown to decrease as the polynucleotide concentration is increased; the decrease is caused by the relaxation effect. The transference numbers of counterions, which have negative values in poly (A)-II solutions, grow with the increase in polymer concentration; the higher the ζ, the more apparent is this increase. This is explained by the increase in the fraction of conductivity along the polyion chains (“surface” conductivity) with the growth of polyelectrolyte concentration.
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