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  • Springer  (44)
  • 1990-1994  (44)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ectoparasitism and the role of green nesting material in the European starling (1991)
    Springer
    Oecologia 88 (1991), S. 22-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Sturnus vulgaris ; Green nesting material ; Nest protection hypothesis ; Ectoparasitism ; Postfledging survival
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The use of green nesting material is widespred among birds. Recent evidence suggests that birds use secondary chemicals contained in green plants to control ectoparasites. We manipulated green nesting material and ectoparasites of European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) to test two hypotheses: (1) ectoparasites adversely affect prefledging survival and morphometrics or postfledging survival, and (2) green nesting material ameliorates the effects of ectoparasites. We recorded fat score, numbers of scabs, tarsal length, body mass, and hematocrit level on each nestling 17 days after hatching. We also fitted each nestling with unique patagial tags and resighted the starlings for 6–8 weeks after fledging to estimate survival and sighting rates. Nests devoid of green nesting material and dusted with the insecticide, carbaryl, had fewer high ectoparasite infestations, and nestlings had significantly lower scab scores, and significantly higher body masses than nestlings in undusted boxes. However, there was no difference in postfledging survival between birds from carbaryl-treated and undusted nests. There also was no difference in prefledging survival and morphometrics or postfledging survival between nestlings from boxes with and without green nesting material. These results do not support the hypothesis that starlings use green nesting material to control nest ectoparasites. We suggest an alternative hypothesis; green nesting material is used for mate selection or pairbonding in the starling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00328399
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Settlement behavior of Chthamalus anisopoma larvae largely determines the adult distribution (1991)
    Springer
    Oecologia 85 (1991), S. 349-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Chthamalus anisopoma ; Distribution ; Settlement ; Recruitment ; Gulf of California
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In the northern Gulf of California the adult distribution of the intertidal barnacle species, Chthamalus anisopoma, on exposed shores is approximately between 0.0 and 2.0 m above mean low water (MLW). The species is typically absent in protected (from wave splash) areas. In this study, I examined a series of alternative hypotheses relating to the factors that could be responsible for limiting the distribution. Post-settlement factors appear to be unimportant because settlement was largely restricted to areas within the adult distribution. Two processes could account for the high correlation between settlement and adult distributions. First, hydrodynamic factors could restrict deposition of larvae to sites that coincidently were in areas in which individuals could survive to maturity. Second, larvae may choose to settle only on sites where they can survive to maturity. Of the two, the later was supported as settlement could be induced on surfaces outside the adult distribution using transplanted adult conspecifics as cues. Thus, competent larvae were present outside the adult distribution of Chthamalus zone but did not settle under normal conditions. Also, there was no evidence that pre-emption of space by other sessile species, by itself, restricted the distribution of Chthamalus. Settlement within the existing adult distribution may be an evolutionary response to increased mortality for individuals settling outside the adult distribution compared to those settling within it.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00320610
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The marsupial MHC: The Tammar Wallaby, Macropus eugenii, contains an expressed DNA-like gene on chromosome 1 (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 38 (1994), S. 496-505 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Major histocompatibility complex ; DNA gene ; Marsupial ; Tammar wallaby ; Chromosomal mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the placental mammal major histocompatibility complex (MHC) three main families of class II genes, DR, DQ, and DP, have been recognized. Each family contains genes that code for one or more A- and B-chains. Recent evidence has indicated that a fourth family can be described, the DN/DO family. These four families arose sometime early in mammalian evolution. Our purpose was to deduce the MHC of an early mammalian ancestor of marsupials and eutherians. Using primers designed to conserved regions in exon 2 and exon 3 of the DQA gene we amplified an 830-bp band from the total genomic DNA of the marsupial, Macropus eugenii (tammar wallaby). However, sequence analysis of cloned genomic products showed that the primers had amplified three genes, two of which appeared to be alleles at one locus, while the other gene belonged to a closely related locus. Phylogenetic analysis showed that both these loci were most closely related to the human (HLA-DNA) and mouse (H-20a) DNA genes, with a bootstrap support of 78%. Expression of oney one locus could be detected by RT-PCR from spleen RNA. In situ hybridization to tammar wallaby chromosomes mapped these genes to one region on the long arm of chromosome 1, indicating the position of the MHC in marsupials. Related A-chain genes were detected in monotremes, and human by southern blotting, and very faint bands were observed in the chicken. Hybridization with a tammar DNA-like gene on several marsupial species showed evidence of at least three DNA-like loci in the tammar wallaby, at least one in the koala, but none in the kowari. This indicates that the organization of the class II MHC may be more dynamic in marsupial than in placental mammals, but, in contrast to a previous study on the MHC of a marsupial, we cannot conclude that the class II gene families of placental and marsupial mammals evolved from different ancestral genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00178850
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On collineation groups generated by Bol reflections (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of geometry 48 (1993), S. 63-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-8997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01226801
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxalate production by Basidiomycetes, including the white-rot species Coriolus versicolor and Phanerochaete chrysosporium (1993)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 39 (1993), S. 5-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Oxalate was found to accumulate in liquid culture media from the growth of the white-rot basidiomycetes Coriolus versicolor, Heterobasidion annosum, Pleurotus florida and Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Whereas little oxalate accumulated during active growth, millimolar concentrations of oxalate were detected in culture media during the stationary phase. The basidiomycete Agaricus bisporus, the cultivated mushroom, also accumulated oxalate in its culture medium in the stationary phase. In comparison, the brown-rot fungi Amyloporia xantha, Coniophora marmorata, C. puteana and Poria vaporaria accumulated oxalate in the primary metabolic phase and throughout growth up to 35 days. Oxalate accumulation (0.04–10.0 mm) in white-rot cultures did not lower the pH of the medium during growth, whereas in brown-rot cultures oxalate (2.0–20.0 mm) reduced the media pH during growth. Cultures of Agaricus bisporus, C. puteana and Coriolus versicolor grown on solid media containing high levels of calcium (50 or 100 mm calcium chloride) produced calcium oxalate crystals to varying extents on the surface of the hyphae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00166839
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rational taxonomy and the natural system (1993)
    Springer
    Acta biotheoretica 41 (1993), S. 289-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8358
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Since Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, the idea of descent with modification came to dominate systematics, and so the study of morphology became subgugated to the reconstruction of phylogenies. Reinstating the organism in the theory of evolution (Ho & Saunders, 1979; Webster & Goodwin, 1982) leads to a project inrational taxonomy (Ho, 1986, 1988a), which attempts to classify biological forms on the basis of transformations on a given dynamical structure. Does rational taxonomy correspond to thenatural system that Linnaeus and his contemporaries as well as all pre-Darwinian morphologists had in mind? Here, we examine how rational taxonomy and the natural system can coincide in the dynamics of processes generating forms during development, which conferexclusivity, genericity androbustness to the forms that do exist. We use the example of segmentation, especially inDrosophila, as an illustration to explore the implications of rational taxonomy for evolution and systematics, and the relationship between ontogeny and phylogeny.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00709367
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extension of local loop isomorphisms (1991)
    Springer
    Monatshefte für Mathematik 112 (1991), S. 221-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5081
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The paper contains the proof of the existence and uniqueness of the global extension of analytical local loop isomorphisms. The result is applied to the proof of the one-to-one correspondence between simply connected Moufang loops and Malcev algebras and to a global description of complete Moufang 3-webs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01297341
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of the defect in a variant of HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells with reduced transferrin receptor expression (1992)
    Springer
    Somatic cell and molecular genetics 18 (1992), S. 45-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9931
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The mechanism by which a clone of HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells designated Tf-Gel-1 expresses reduced levels of the transferrin receptor (TfR) was investigated. Tf-Gel-1 was developed by continuous exposure of HL-60 cells to human iron-saturated transferrin covalently linked to the plant toxin gelonin (Tf-Gel); this variant was five- to sixfold more resistant to Tf-Gel than parental HL-60 cells. The amount of cell surface, as well as of solubilized, TfR and the cycling pools of TfR in Tf-Gel-1 cells, as measured by the binding of [125I]Tf, were all decreased to 20–30% of the levels present in parental cells. The growth of Tf-Gel-1 cells was independent of exogenous Fe3+ and was comparable to that of parental HL-60 cells. Despite the lower levels of TfRs, the Tf-Gel-1 clone retained the capacity to alter receptor expression, depending upon the phase of growth and the intracellular iron concentration, and to down-regulate TfRs in response to inducers of differentiation. Southern hybridization of cellular DNA with TfR cDNA did not reveal differences between parental and Tf-Gel-1 cells in the level and arrangement of the TfR gene. Basal and inducible (repressible) levels of TfR mRNA from Tf-Gel-1 cells, as measured by northern hybridization of cellular RNA with TfR cDNA, were comparable to those of parental cells. Metabolic labeling of cells with [35S]methionine, followed by immunoprecipitation of TfRs, demonstrated that the amount of radioactivity incorporated into TfRs in Tf-Gel-1 cells was reduced to a degree that approximated the decrease in [125I]Tf binding. Cell surface TfRs prepared from exponentially growing parental cells labeled with125I by the solid-phase lactoperoxidase-glucose oxidase method existed as a doublet, with one form being phosphorylated and the other not phosphorylated. In contrast, Tf-Gel-1 cells not only contained diminished amounts of TfRs but also contained only the phosphorylated form of TfRs in the surface membrane. The decrease in the surface membrane concentration of the TfR in Tf-Gel-1 cells was specific for this glycoprotein, since the levels of other cell surface antigens, such as CD13, CD15 and CD45, were normal in Tf-Gel-1 cells. A reduction in the incorporation of [3H]mannose into the acid-insoluble fraction of cells and an increase in sensitivity to ricin suggested that Tf-Gel-1 cells possessed an aberration in carbohydrate metabolism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01233448
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Olfactory responses of adultAmblyomma hebraeum andA. variegatum (Acari: Ixodiae) to attractant chemicals in laboratory tests (1992)
    Springer
    Experimental and applied acarology 13 (1992), S. 295-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Unfed adults of the African ticks,Amblyomma hebraeum Koch andA. variegatum (Fabricius), important vectors of human and animal diseases, were exposed to volatile compounds in an olfactometer in efforts to identify both tick-produced or synthetic chemicals capable of eliciting an attraction response. A formula, relative efficacy of attraction, was devised for comparison of responses between species and sexes to a particular test stimulus, or within a homogeneous population to different stimuli. Adults of both species responded strongly to known tick-pheromone constituents, nonanoic acid, methyl salicylate, 2.6-dichlorophenol and benzyl alcohol, as well as to a commercially produced antiseptic, TCP (Pfizer), and its major components, chlorinated and iodinated phenols. Benzaldehyde, a proposed tick-pheromone component, and heptadecane, not known from ticks, were markedly attractive to adults ofA. hebraeum but not to those ofA. variegatum. Males of the former species, but neither conspecific females not either sex of the latter species, responded significantly to salicylaldehyde (known from males of four species of ticks, includingA. variegatum).o-nitrophenol, a major component of the aggregation-attachment pheromone of males of bothA. variegatum andA hebraeum and a proven long-range attractant for them in the field, was only partially attractive to either species in the olfactometer. Neither species was attracted to 2-methylpropanoic acid, previously identified in volatile effluents form feeding maleA. hebraeum. It is concluded that these important disease vectors respond positively to a variety of volatile chemicals, which may conceivably be used to attract them to traps, animals or acaricides in efforts to control ticks or the diseases they transmit.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01195086
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Responses of the ticksAmblyomma hebraeum andA. variegatum to known or potential components of the aggregation-attachment pheromone. IV. Attachment stimulation of nymphs (1992)
    Springer
    Experimental and applied acarology 16 (1992), S. 247-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ten known or potential components of the aggregation-attachment pheromone (AAP) of the ticksAmblyomma hebraeum andA. variegatum, as well as a mixture of these components and extracts of prefed males of the two species, were tested as attachment stimulants for nymphs. Unfed nymphs were confined in linen bags on the ears of rabbits that had been treated with the test compounds, mixture or extracts; the numbers attached were recorded after 24 h. InA. hebraeum, attachment was induced by four compounds (2-methyl propanoic acid, methyl salicylate,o-nitrophenol and salicylaldehyde), the mixture and extracts from both species. InA. variegatum, attachment was induced by three compounds (methyl salicylate,o-nitrophenol and salicylaldehyde), the mixture and extracts from both species. Methyl salicylate ando-nitrophenol are primary components of the AAP of bothA. hebraeum andA. variegatum. 2-methyl propanoic acid is a species-specific attachment stimulant forA. hebraeum. Salicylaldehyde, a phenolic compound, is not a naturally occurring AAP component. Nymphs of both species respond to fewer attachment stimulants than the adults and, as shown by their respective host ranges, are less dependent on the AAP in the regulation of attachment than the adults.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01193807
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