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  • Articles  (30)
  • Cambridge University Press  (30)
  • American Physical Society (APS)
  • 1990-1994  (30)
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Year
Journal
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Journal of American studies 25 (1991), S. 286-287 
    ISSN: 0021-8758
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: English, American Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 1994-09-25
    Description: A boundary integral method is presented for analysing particle motion in a rotating fluid for flows where the Taylor number 2T is arbitrary and the Reynolds number is small. The method determines the surface traction and drag on a particle, and also the velocity field at any location in the fluid. Numerical results show that the dimensionless drag on a spherical particle translating along the rotation axis of an unbounded fluid is determined by the empirical formula D/6n = 1 +(4/7) ^”1/2 +(8/9TI)2T, which incorporates known results for the low and high Taylor number limits. Streamline portraits show that a critical Taylor number c « 50 exists at which the character of the flow changes. For 3 “ 〈 2Tcthe flow field appears as a perturbation of a Stokes flow with a superimposed swirling motion. For T 〈 2TCthe flow field develops two detached recirculating regions of trapped fluid located fore and aft of the particle. The recirculating regions grow in size and move farther from the particle with increasing Taylor number. This recirculation functions to deflect fluid away from the translating particle, thereby generating a columnar flow structure. The flow between the recirculating regions and the particle has a plug-like velocity profile, moving slightly slower than the particle and undergoing a uniform swirling motion. The flow in this region is matched to the particle velocity in a thin Ekman layer adjacent to the particle surface. A further study examines the translation of spheroidal particles. For large Taylor numbers, the drag is determined by the equatorial radius; details of the body shape are less important. © 1994, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1120
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-7645
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 1993-11-01
    Description: Time-dependent interactions between two buoyancy-driven deformable drops are studied in the low Reynolds number flow limit for sufficiently large Bond numbers that the drops become significantly deformed. The first part of this paper considers the interaction and deformation of drops in axisymmetric configurations. Boundary integral calculations are presented for Bond numbers ℬ = ∆ρga2/σ in the range 0.25 ≤ ℬ 〈 ∞ and viscosity ratios λ in the range 0.2 ∆ λ ∆ 20. Specifically, the case of a large drop following a smaller drop is considered, which typically leads to the smaller drop coating the larger drop for ℬ ≫ 1. Three distinct drainage modes of the thin film of fluid between the drops characterize axisymmetric two-drop interactions: (i) rapid drainage for which the thinnest region of the film is on the axis of symmetry, (ii) uniform drainage for which the film has a nearly constant thickness, and (iii) dimple formation. The initial mode of film drainage is always rapid drainage. As the separation distance decreases, film flow may change to uniform drainage and eventually to dimpled drainage. Moderate Bond numbers, typically ℬ = 0(10) for λ = 0(1), enhance dimple formation compared to either much larger or smaller Bond numbers. The numerical calculations also illustrate the extent to which lubrication theory and analytical solutions in bipolar coordinates (which assume spherical drop shapes) are applicable to deformable drops. The second part of this investigation considers the ‘stability’ of axisymmetric drop configurations. Laboratory experiments and two-dimensional boundary integral simulations are used to study the interactions between two horizontally offset drops. For sufficiently deformable drops, alignment occurs so that the small drop may still coat the large drop, whereas for large enough drop viscosities or high enough interfacial tension, the small drop will be swept around the larger drop. If the large drop is sufficiently deformable, the small drop may then be ‘sucked’ into the larger drop as it is being swept around the larger drop. In order to explain the alignment process, the shape and translation velocities of widely separated, nearly spherical drops are calculated using the method of reflections and a perturbation analysis for the deformed shapes. The perturbation analysis demonstrates explicitly that drops will tend to be aligned for ℬ 〉 0(d/a) where d is the separation distance between the drops. © 1993, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1120
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-7645
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 1993-09-01
    Description: When a small air bubble bursts from an equilibrium position at an air/water interface, a complex motion ensues resulting in the production of a high-speed liquid jet. This free-surface motion following the burst is modelled numerically using a boundary integral method. Jet formation and liquid entrainment rates from jet breakup into drops are calculated and compared with existing experimental evidence. In order to investigate viscous effects, a boundary layer is included in the calculations by employing a time-stepping technique which allows the boundary mesh to remain orthogonal to the surface. This allows an approximation of the vorticity development in the region of boundary-layer separation during jet formation. Calculated values of pressure and energy dissipation rates in the fluid indicate a violent motion, particularly for smaller bubbles. This has important implications for the biological industry where animal cells in bioreactors have been found to be killed by the presence of small bubbles. © 1993, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1120
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-7645
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 1993-07-01
    Description: This article concludes an account of the Prince AIbert expedition of 1850, which began in Polar Record 29 (169): 127–142 (1993); see Part 1 formaps. In 1850 Lady Franklin sent out the first other private expeditions in search of her husband and the crews of HMS Erebus and Terror, lost in the islands of the Canadian Arctic. The expedition sailed in Prince Albert, a vessel Lady Franklin acquired for the purpose. Its aim was to winter in Prince Regent Inlet and explore the area to the west, using two separate boat parties. These parties were to be under Commander Charles Codrington Forsyth, RN, the captain of the ship, and William Parker Snow. After passage to Prince Regent Inlet, Forsyth turned back because he was prevented from penetrating the inlet further than Fury Beach by what was regarded as unbreachable ice. Prince Albert then passed near Cape Riley, where Snow obtained information concerning relics that had been found by another expedition and that indicated that Franklin had wintered in that vicinity. News of this and further relics were brought back to Britain by Forsyth. The return caused much disappointment to Lady Franklin. She determined to send Prince Albert out again with a different commander. Snow wished to have that post, but it was allocated to William Kennedy.This study is an analysis of the events surrounding the expedition, with reference to the light they throw on the personalities involved. It is suggested that the main reason for the failure was that the preparation was mismanaged. No efforts were made to secure the appointment of people who had sufficient similarity of interests or background to be an effective team. Forsyth found the situation on board such that he decided to conclude the voyage as soon as a reasonable excuse for returning presented itself.
    Print ISSN: 0032-2474
    Electronic ISSN: 1475-3057
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Geography
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 1994-01-01
    Description: The period 1877–1878 was one of tension between Britain and Russia caused by the Russo-Turkish War and the consequent threat to the route to India. The Royal Navy was deployed to deter the Russians in seas adjacent to the Balkans, but also undertook intelligence gathering missions further afield. Two of these were to Petropavlovsk in sub-Arctic Kamchatka and were undertaken by Commander A.L. Douglas in HMS Egeria. The British, with their French allies, had sustained a serious defeat there during the Crimean War and wished to ascertain the state of Russian defences should there be fresh hostilities. In the event, Douglas discovered that the Russians had abandoned Petropavlovsk as a fortified post and that there was no garrison. His reports were, therefore, negative, but included interesting information concerning Petropavlovsk in this era.
    Print ISSN: 0032-2474
    Electronic ISSN: 1475-3057
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Geography
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 1993-04-01
    Description: In 1850 Lady Franklin sent out the first of her private expeditions in search of her husband and the crews of HMS Erebus and Terror, lost in the islands of the Canadian Arctic. The expedition sailed in Prince Albert, a vessel Lady Franklin acquired for the purpose. Its aim was to winter in Prince Regent Inlet and explore the area to the west, using two separate boat parties. These parties were to be under Commander Charles Codrington Forsyth, RN, the captain of the ship, and William Parker Snow. After passage to Prince Regent Inlet, Forsyth turned back because he was prevented from penetrating the inlet further than Fury Beach by what was regarded as unbreachable ice. Prince Albert then passed near Cape Riley, where Snow obtained information concerning relics that had been found by another expedition and that indicated that Franklin had wintered in that vicinity. News of this and further relics were brought back to Britain by Forsyth. The return caused much disappointment to Lady Franklin. She determined to send Prince Albert out again with a different commander. Snow wished to have that post, but it was allocated to William Kennedy.This study is an analysis of the events surrounding the expedition, with reference to the light they throw on the personalities involved. It is suggested that the main reason for the failure was that the preparation was mismanaged. No efforts were made to secure the appointment of people who had sufficient similarity of interests or background to be an effective team. Forsyth found the situation on board such that he decided to conclude the voyage as soon as a reasonable excuse for returning presented itself.
    Print ISSN: 0032-2474
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1993-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0032-2474
    Electronic ISSN: 1475-3057
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Geography
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1990-04-01
    Description: This article describes the natural history of a large colony of emperor penguins Aptenodytes for steri, its size, dispersal pattern of chicks, and associations with other bird and mammal species. A mid-season count of 19,364 chicks indicated that about 20–25,000 breeding pairs had been present in June and July. The colony was fragmented into several sub-groups which showed different mean sizes of chicks and survival to fledging. Other species observed included leopard seals Hydrurga leptonyx, the only major predators, which preyed heavily on both adults and fledging chicks. Fledgelings left the colony over a period of about 10 days; departure was an active process in which the chicks walked to the ice edge and dispersed in groups, swimming consistently southward. At this time they were still in about 60% down and weighed about 10 kg, having lost some 30% of the heaviest mass achieved during parental feeding.
    Print ISSN: 0032-2474
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Geography
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1990-02-01
    Description: The behaviour of concentric double emulsion droplets in linear flows is examined analytically, for the case when both fluid-fluid interfaces remain nearly spherical, and numerically, for the effect of finite interface deformation. The theoretical analysis is used to calculate the velocity fields interior and exterior to the particle, the first effects of flow-induced deformation, and the effective viscosity of a dilute emulsion of compound droplets. The numerical simulations allow for a complete investigation of the finite deformation of both the outer drop and the encapsulated particle. For concentric multiphase particles, there appear to be two distinct mechanisms of globule breakup: (i) continuous extension of the globule corresponding to non-existence of a steady particle shape or (ii) contact of the two interfaces at the globule centre, owing to incompatibility of the steady inner and outer interface shapes, even though the globule is only modestly deformed. Finally, the effect of different flow-types, i.e, uniaxial or biaxial extensional flows, is shown, in one example, to suggest breakup of the inner droplet even though the outer droplet maintains a steady shape. © 1990, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1120
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-7645
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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