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  • Chemistry  (7)
  • Ant-plant interactions  (2)
  • 1990-1994  (5)
  • 1970-1974  (4)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diversity of ant-plant interactions: protective efficacy in Macaranga species with different degrees of ant association (1994)
    Springer
    Oecologia 97 (1994), S. 186-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Ant-plant interactions ; Herbivory Macaranga ; Mutualism ; Myrmecophytes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The pioneer tree Macaranga in SE Asia has developed manyfold associations with ants. The genus comprises all stages of interaction with ants, from facultative relationships to obligate myrmecophytes. Only myrmecophytic Macaranga offer nesting space for ants and are associated with a specific ant partner. The nonmyrmecophytic species are visited by a variety of different ant species which are attracted by extrafloral nectaries (EFN) and food bodies. Transitional Macaranga species like M. hosei are colonized later in their development due to their stem structure. Before the colonization by their specific Crematogaster partner the young plants are visited by different ant species attracted by EFN. These nectaries are reduced and food body production starts as soon as colonization becomes possible. We demonstrated earlier that obligate ant partners can protect their Macaranga plants against herbivore damage and vine cover. In this study we focused on nonspecific interactions and studied M. tanarius and M. hosei, representing a non-myrmecophyte and a transitional species respectively. In ant exclusion experiments both M. tanarius and M. hosei suffered significantly higher mean leaf damage than controls, 37% versus 6% in M. hosei, 16% versus 7% in M. tanarius. M. tanarius offers both EFN and food bodies so that tests for different effects of these two food rewards could be conducted. Plants with food bodies removed but with EFN remaining had the lowest mean increase of herbivore damage of all experimental groups. Main herbivores on M. hosei were mites and caterpillars. Many M. tanarius plants were infested by a shootborer. Both Macaranga species were visited by various ant species, Crematogaster spp. being the most abundant. We found no evidence for any specific relationships. The results of this study strongly support the hypothesis that non-specific, facultative associations with ants can be advantageous for Macaranga plants. Food bodies appear to have lower attractive value for opportunistic ants than EFN and may require a specific dietary adaptation. This is also indicated by the fact that food body production in the transitional M. hosei does not start before stem structure allows a colonization by the obligate Crematogaster species. M. hosei thus benefits from facultative association with a variety of ants until it produces its first domatia and can be colonized by its obligate mutualist.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00323148
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Domatia as most important adaptations in the evolution of myrmecophytes in the paleotropical tree genusMacaranga (Euphorbiaceae) (1992)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 180 (1992), S. 53-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Euphorbiaceae ; Macaranga ; Ant-plant interactions ; domatia ; evolution ; myrmecophytism ; Flora of Malaysia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The paleotropical tree genusMacaranga (Euphorbiaceae) comprises all stages of interaction with ants, from facultative associations to obligate myrmecophytes. In SE.-Asia food availability does not seem to be the limiting factor for the development of a close relationship since all species provide food for ants in form of extrafloral nectar and/or food bodies. Only myrmecophyticMacaranga species offer nesting space for ants (domatia) inside internodes which become hollow due to degeneration of the pith. Non-myrmecophytic species have a solid stem with a compact and wet pith and many resin ducts. The stem interior of some transitional species remains solid, but the soft pith can be excavated. The role of different ant-attracting attributes for the development of obligate ant-plant interactions is discussed. In the genusMacaranga, the provision of nesting space seems to be the most important factor for the evolution of obligate myrmecophytism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940397
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diagnostika Sostava Materialov Rentgenodifrakcionnimi I Spektralnymi Metodami (Identification of materials by X-ray diffraction and spectroscopical Techniques) (in Russian), M. S. Nakhmanson and V. G. Feklitschev, Mashinostroenie, Leningrad, 1990. 357 pages. ISBN 5-217-00915-2, Rubl 5.40 (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 546-547 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180050608
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nucleophilic Chlorination of 3-Formyl-4-hydroxy-quinolin-2(1H)-ones (1993)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 335 (1993), S. 128-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 0941-1216
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Chlorination of 1-substituted 3-formyl-4-hydroxy-2-quinolones (1a, b) with phosphorylchloride leads to 4-chloro-3-dichloromethylquinolones (2), which can be hydrolyzed to 4-chloro-3-formyl-quinolones (4). From the anilinomethylene quinolinediones (3), at low temperatures the formylquinolones 4 can be obtained directly, whereas at high temperatures cleavage of the tautomeric azomethine moiety followed by subsequent ring closure to the naphthyridines (7) takes place. With 1-unsubstituted 3-formyl-4-hydroxy-2-quinolones (1d) either the 3-dichloromethylquinolone (2d) or the 2,4-dichloro-3-dichloro-methylquinoline (10) is obtained depending on the reaction conditions. Similar results are obtained with the 1-unsubstituted anilinomethylene compounds (3). Attempts to obtain the 3-formyl-2,4-dichloroquinoline (11) were unsuccessful because in all experiments the 2-chloro-group was converted to an oxygen function.
    Additional Material: 8 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prac.19933350203
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Umsetzung von benzoesäureglycidylester mit primären und sekundären aminen in alkohol als lösungsmittel (1972)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 154 (1972), S. 81-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The reaction course of glycidyl benzoate with aliphatic, aromatic, heterocyclic primary and secondary amines and imidazol in the presence of isobutanol has been studied. The reaction of glycidyl compounds with amines has a termolecular mechanism. In the presence of an alcohol the reaction is pseudobimolecular. The basic dissociation constant of the amine can be applied for the determination of the approximate velocity constant for the reaction of glycidyl benzoate with amines. A greater deviation from the dependence between the dissociation constant of an amine and the velocity constant of the reaction was found with benzylamine. The activation energy of the reaction of glycidyl benzoate with amines has been determined.
    Notes: Die Umsetzung von Benzoesäureglycidylester mit aliphatischen, aromatischen und heterocyclischen primären und sekundären Aminen in Gegenwart von Isobutylalkohol wurde studiert. Die Reaktion der Glycidylverbindungen mit Aminen verläuft nach einem termolekularen Mechanismus. In Alkohol als Lösungsmittel wird ein pseudobimolekularer Reaktionsverlauf ermittelt. Die basische Dissoziationskonstante des Amins kann zur Bestimmung der approximativen Geschwindigkeitskonstante der Benzoesäureglycidylester-Amin-Reaktion verwendet werden. Eine größere Abweichung von der Abhängigkeit zwischen der Dissoziationskonstante des Amins und der Geschwindigkeitskonstante der Umsetzung wurde beim Benzylamin gefunden. Die Aktivierungsenergie für die Reaktion von Benzoesäureglycidylester mit Aminen wurde bestimmt.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1972.021540107
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Benzyldimethylamin-katalysierte Copolyaddition von Benzoesäureglycidylester mit Hexahydrophthalsäureanhydrid (1971)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 20 (1971), S. 103-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The benzyl dimethylamine catalyzed copolyaddition of glycidyl benzoate with hexahydrophthalic anhydride has been investigated. The orders of reaction towards hexahydrophthalic anhydride, glycidyl benzoate and benzyl dimethylamine have been determined. The activation energy of the reaction has been determined from the reaction rate constant/temperature dependence. It has been found that the reaction mechanism is strongly influenced by the catalytic amine concentration as well as by the fact that practically all amine is complexed. A reaction mechanism has been suggested.
    Notes: Die mit Benzyldimethylamin katalysierte Copolyaddition von Benzoesäureglycidylester mit Hexahydrophthalsäureanhydrid wurde untersucht. Dazu wurde die Reaktionsordnung für Hexahydrophthalsäureanhydrid, Benzoesäureglycideylester und Benzyldimethylamin bestimmt. Aus der Abhängigkeit der Reaktionsgeschwindigkeitskonstante von der Temperatur wurde die Aktivierungsenergie der Readtion ermittelt. Der Reaktionsmechanismus wird durch die katalytische Konzentration des Amins und durch die Tatsache, daß praktisch das gesamte Amin in Komplexe eingebaut wird, stark beeinflußt. Ein Reaktionsmechanisums wurde entworfen.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1971.050200108
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reaction of glycidyl benzoate with acid in the presence of tertiary amines as the catalyst (1970)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 12 (1970), S. 157-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Es wurde die Umsetzung von Epoxydverbindungen mit Carbonsäuren unter der Katalyse mit tertiären Aminen diskutiert. Auf Grund von experimentellen Resultaten wurde der Reaktionsmechanismus am Beispiel der Umsetzung von Glycidylbenzoat mit Benzoesäure unter der Katalyse durch Benzyldimethylamin in Xylol abgeleitet und bestätigt. Die Umsetzung verläuft nach einem kombinierten Ionenmechanismus und über Komplexbildung. Damit können die abnormale Abhängigkeit der Reaktionskonstante von der Dielektrizitätskonstante des Mediums und die nicht ganzzahligen Ordnungen bezüglich Amin und Säure erklärt werden.
    Notes: The reaction of epoxides with carboxylic acids catalysed by tertiary amines has been discussed. The mechanism of the reaction has been deduced and confirmed, using experimental results, on the example of the reaction of glycidyl benzoate with benzoic acid in xylene, catalysed by benzyldimethylamine. The reaction occurs via a combined ionic mechanism as well as via a complex formation, thus explaining the abnormal dependence of the reaction constant on the dielectric constant of the milieu and the found non-integer orders of reaction with respect to the amine and to the acid.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1970.050120112
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berechnung der Wärmestrahlung großer Feuer mit dem Ballen-Strahlungsmodell OSRAMO (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 63 (1991), S. 760-761 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Poolflammen ; Wärmestrahlungsmodelle ; Absorptionskoeffizienten ; Thermografie ; organisierte Strukturen ; Abbrandgeschwindigkeiten ; Energiebilanzen ; Rußwolken ; brennbare Flüssigkeiten ; Sicherheit ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330630725
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymerization of epoxides and episulfides by metal perchloratesMaterial presented at 23rd Annual Meeting of the Chemical Society of Japan, Tokyo, 1970. c.f. Preprint of the Meeting, Vol. 4, p. 2017 (1971)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Letters 9 (1971), S. 225-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2986
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1971.110090312
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