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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 32 (1993), S. 93-102 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: langkettige Fettsäuren ; Sauen ; Energiebilanz ; Thermogenese ; Dickdarmgärung ; Gaswechsel ; Long-chain fatty acids ; sows ; hindgut fermentation ; energy balance ; thermogenesis ; gaseous exchange
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary An animal model experiment was conducted with nine adult sows to study the effects of long-chain fatty acids on thermogenesis when different fatty acids were replaced for 30% of the energy of a basal diet based on cereals and soybean meal. The acids were fed as commercial products containing as main constituent either palmitic acid, oleic acid, or linoleic acid, according to a latin square design in experimental periods 2 to 4. In periods 1 and 5 the sows were submitted to basal diet alone. Digestibility of palmitic acid was only 36%, whereas the unsaturated fatty acids were highly absorbed (90%). Interaction effects of the undigested proportion of the long-chain fatty acids with the basal diet in hindgut fermentation could be ruled out since a supplementary experiment on three sows showed no influence of infusion of oleic or linoleic acid into the caecum on the energy utilization of the basal diet. There was no significant differences in thermogenesis among the fatty acids. Heat production in the treatment periods averaged −1.2% as compared to the basal diet periods. This result was in accordance with the value −1.0% calculated theoretically for the reduction in heat production in the treatment periods. Thus, the data did not indicate any stimulating effect of long-chain fatty acids on heat production, and utilization of energy of fatty acids occurred within the obligatory thermogenesis.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An 9 Sauen wurde mit Hilfe der kalorimetrischen Bilanztechnik die Wirkung von drei Fettsäurepräparaten mit dem Hauptbestandteil Palmitin-, Öl- bzw. Linolsäure auf die Thermogenese geprüft. Die Verabreichung der Fettsäuren erfolgte nach dem Schema eines lateinischen Quadrates, wobei jeweils 30% der Energie einer den energetischen Erhaltungsbedarf deckenden Grundration durch das jeweilige Fettsäurenpräparat ersetzt wurden. Vor und nach den Behandlungsperioden wurde der Energieumsatz der Tiere bei alleiniger Verfütterung der Grundration gemessen. In einem Ergänzungsversuch an 3 fistulierten Sauen wurde bei Infusion von Öl- und Linolsäure in das Caecum geprüft, ob nichtabsorbierte Fettsäuren die Dickdarmgärung und Ausnutzung der Grundration beeinflussen. Die Verdaulichkeit der Palmitinsäure betrug 36%, während die Öl- und Linolsäure zu rund 90% absorbiert wurden. Der nichtabsorbierte Anteil hatte auf den Energieumsatz der Grundration keinen Interaktionseffekt. In der Thermogenese konnte zwischen den Fettsäuren kein signifikanter Unterschied nachgewiesen werden. Die Wärmeproduktion der Sauen war im Mittel aller Behandlungen im Vergleich zu den beiden Grundrationsperioden um 1,2% niedriger. Der Wert stimmte mit dem theoretisch kalkulierten Effekt aufgrund des ATP-Bildungsvermögens der Nährstoffe in Höhe von 1,0% gut überein. Aus den Ergebnissen ergibt sich die Folgerung, daß langkettige Fettsäuren im Rahmen der obligatorischen Wärmebildung umgesetzt werden und keine regulatorische Thermogenese stimulieren.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 31 (1992), S. 178-188 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Thermogenese ; Adaptation ; Energiebilanz ; Unterernährung ; Überernährung ; thermogenesis ; adaptation ; energy balance ; underfeeding ; overfeeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In a model experiment eight adult sows were used to examine the effect of successive periods of under- and oversupply of energy (MÜMÜ) on thermogenesis and efficiency of energy utilization in comparison to a constant maintenance supply (NNNN). Each treatment sequence was assigned to each animal according to a change-over design over 8 weeks. Before and after the treatment periods all the animals were fed at maintenance level (N). Energy deficiency (M) was performed by use of a basal diet with 45 % of maintenance energy requirements and values for all the other nutrients sufficient for requirements. Normal (N) and excessive (Ü) intakes of energy was provided with supplements of starch. The total intake of gross energy during the periods MÜMÜ was exactly the same as during NNNN. Complete energy balances were performed for each animal and period as well as during the pre- and post-experimental phase. There was no or little response of altered energy intake on carbon and energy excretion in faeces, urine and methane. However, heat production was significantly decreased by 4.1 % on energy deficiency, and increased by 15.1 % during energy oversupply. Summed up over the total sequence the animals produced 5.4 % more heat on MÜMÜ than during NNNN. This response was associated with a mobilization of 1.1 MJ/d tissue energy and a decrease in body weight by 2.0 kg. The efficiency of utilization of ME was 88 % with energy undersupply and 75 % during overnutrition. Criteria of energy balance did not differ between the pre- and post-treatment periods. It could be demonstrated that the increase in energy expenditure at oversupply was entirely explainable by the so-called obligatory thermogenesis. At the energy deficiency periods the efficiency of energy utilization reflected both energy costs of ingestion and processing of nutrients as well as a slight reduction in metabolic rate. Finally, there were no residual effects of the treatment on the energy expenditure of the animals at the end of the experiment.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In einem Modellversuch mit 8 nichtgraviden, nichtlaktierenden Sauen wurde eine alternierende Mangel- und Überfütterung an Energie über 8 Wochen im Vergleich zur Fütterung auf Erhaltungsniveau durchgeführt. Das Experiment war in Form eines changeover-Plans angelegt. Energiemangel wurde mit einer Basisration realisiert, die 45 % des energetischen Erhaltungsbedarfs lieferte, alle anderen Nähr- und Wirkstoffe aber bedarfsdeckend enthielt. Normalzufuhr an Energie und Energieüberschuß wurden durch Zulage von Stärke hergestellt. Die Zufuhr an Bruttoenergie war in der Summe von Energiemangel und Energieüberschuß exakt gleich der Fütterung auf Normalniveau. Von jedem Tier wurde in jeder Rationsperiode eine vollständige Messung der C-, N- und Energiebilanz durchgeführt. Zusätzlich wurde der Bilanzstatus aller Sauen unter Normalfütterung vor und nach den change-over-Perioden ermittelt. Die alternierende Energiezufuhr hatte keine oder nur minimale Effekte auf die C- und Energieausscheidung in Kot, Harn und CH4. Dagegen war die Wärmeproduktion bei Energiemangel signifikant um 4,1 % erniedrigt und bei Energieüberschuß um 15,1 % erhöht. In der Summe lag die Wärmebildung bei alternierender Versorgung um 5,4 % höher als bei Normalfütterung. Dies hatte eine Mobilisation von täglich 1,1 MJ Körperenergie zur Folge und erklärte auch die Abnahme der Lebendmasse der Tiere um 2,0 kg. Die Wirkungsgrade der ME beliefen sich auf 88 % bei Energiemangel und auf 75 % bei Energieüberversorgung. Die Bilanzdaten nach der Versuchsbehandlung waren gegenüber den vor Versuch ermittelten Werten nicht verändert. Unter den vorliegenden Bedingungen des Energieüberschusses konnte kein Hinweis auf eine diätinduzierte regulatorische Komponente der Thermogenese gefunden werden. Die beobachteten Effekte ließen sich vollständig durch die Theorie der obligatorischen Wärmebildung bei Nährstofftransformation erklären. Im Energiemangel war dagegen eine Adaptation der Stoffwechselrate festzustellen.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 2 (1991), S. 29-35 
    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Anteior cruciate ligament (ACL) grafts made from expanded polytetrafluorethylene (ePTFE) were examined after failure (n = 7; 3 instabilities, 2 partial and 2 complete ruptures) to provide information about secondary fixation mechanisms via ingrowth of the different tissues. The ultrastructural evaluation clearly evidenced the existence of two main interface areas of ePTFE ACL-replacement: First, in areas without a dense cellular infiltrate there was interdigitating collagen producing a dense ePTFE-collagen network. Additionally, in a few areas of the graft/bone-tunnel interface a fibrous cartilage or bone regenerate could be demonstrated to be in contact with the prosthesis. Second, there was a dense infiltration of macrophages and multinuclear giant cells, partially containing birefringent material of implant origin, with and without a neosynovia-like reaction product, indicating a disturbance of tissue integration of the prosthesis. In areas of inflammation there was no bone development and only few collagen interdigitation with the graft material. This study provides further knowledge about mechanisms of secondary graft fixation due to tissue ingrowth. The interdigitation of collagen fibers and ePTFE filaments provides interfaces which should be at least partially resistant against load.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Degenerative alterations of two different glutaraldehyde (GA)-fixed bioprosthetic heart valve materials were investigated in subcutaneous rat implants: Bovine pericardium, prepared according to clinically used bioprosthetic heart valve material (BHV) was compared to alternatively preserved pericardium (APHV), which was fixed in GA and treated with L-glutamic acid. Following 63 days of subcutaneous implantation, calcification of APHV implants was significantly lower as compared to BHV implants (13 ± 6 versus 158 ± 18 μg Ca/mg dry weight tissue; p ± 0.05). In BHV implants ultrastructural investigations showed nucleation of plate-shaped hydroxyapatite crystals at the surface of collagen fibrils and in remnants of connective tissue cells; no signs of calcification could be detected in APHV implants. The time-course of the inflammatory reaction was determined by quantification of immunohistochemical stained mononuclear host-cells invading the implants. In both preparation groups inflammatory reaction reached maximum 42 days after implantation. However, infiltration rate of inflammatory cells was markedly decreased in APHVs as compared to BHVs (p ≤ 0.05). © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Type, size and distribution of extracellular matrix vesicles (MV), known mediators of primary calcification, were studied around bone-bonding and metal-oxide containing, nonbonding, glass-ceramic implants. This was performed in order to further understand the different effects of implants on bone healing. At 14 days after implantation in adult rat tibial bone the effects of different implants on MV were studied by transmission electron microscopy and computerized morphometry. A total number of 4607 MV in 245 electron micrographs were counted and grouped according to diameter, distance from the calcifying front, and classified as four types: “empty,” “amorphous,” “crystal,” and “rupture.” The sequence of types according to diameter and distance was recorded as follows around both implants tested: “rupture” MV were the closest to the front with the largest diameter, followed by “crystal,” “amorphous,” and “empty,” MV with the largest distance from the front and the smallest diameter. Most vesicles were concentrated in a distance of less than 2.4 μm from the front and between diameters of 0.06 μm and 0.22 μm. The noncalcified extracellular matrix around bone-bonding implants contained more MV than the matrix around the nonbonding type (26.24 MV/10 μm2 and 18.76 MV/10μm2). MV distribution according to type showed that around bonding implants ther was a higher percentage of “crystal” and a lower percent age of “rupture” when compared to the nonbonding type. These results indicate that bonding implansts affect osteoblastic function by increasing tht vesicular number and retardation of intravesicular crystal fromation. It might be suggested that bonding implants induce an increase in the process of primary calcification and a decreased rate of crystal formation resulting with the highest organization of the healing bone.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 4 (1970), S. 29-41 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The corrosion resistance of materials employed for surgical applications was dertermined and compared by means of potentiostatic anodic polarization techniques. In a physiological saline solution the passive breakdown potential of stainless steel materials was dependent upon the oxygen content opf the solution, and the microstructure of the material. The breakdown is passivity was found to be due to a pitting type of corrosion attack. Pure titanium remained passive within the limits employed in this investigation. Even though cast vitallium did not exhibit passivity breakdown in the form of a pitting attack, polarization behavior between the behavior for stainless stell and pure titanium was observed.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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