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  • Wiley-Blackwell  (142)
  • Springer Nature  (99)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • 1990-1994  (170)
  • 1975-1979  (96)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 1789-1800 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The finite element method was used to model microwave thawing of pure-water and 0.1-M NaCl cylinders. The electromagnetic field was described by Maxwell's equations with temperature-dependent dielectric properties, while the heat equation, coupled with the Stefan and Robin conditions, was used to describe the thawing process. An additional equation for the frozen volume fraction was used, when necessary, to account for the presence of a mushy region. Two microwave frequencies, 915 MHz and 2,450 MHz, were examined and the microwave radiation was assumed to be radially isotropic and normal to the surface of the cylinder. Results show that a two-phase mushy region may exist, and an additional thawing front may appear at the center of the cylinder. Salt cylinders have a higher dielectric loss than pure-water cylinders and therefore thaw more quickly. Internal resonance occurs when the wavelength of the radiation is a harmonic of the cylinder radius. Resonance increases power deposition and expedites the thawing process. The onset of resonance alters thawing times and complicates the development of heuristic rules for microwave thawing.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 40 (1994), S. 1433-1439 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It is generally believed that oil samples heat faster in a microwave oven than do water samples of the same mass. For sufficiently large and thich samples this conventional wisdom is indeed correct, but this trend can be far from true in smaller samples. In a commercially-made home microwave oven, we observed that with decreasing sample size the heating rate of a water sample increases much faster than that of an oil sample. At 50 g the heating rate of a water sample is several times greater than that of an oil sample. Additionally, in studies of cylindrical samples in a customized oven having a unidirectional microwave source, the heating rate of water samples smaller than 2.4 cm in radius is greater than that of oil samples and is a strongly oscillatory increasing function of decreasing sample radius. Combining Maxwell's theory of microwave penetration and the heat conduction equation, we show that this previously unreported oscillatory heating behavior results from the added power absorbed by samples due to resonant absorption of microwaves. The added power arises from standing waves produced by internally reflected microwaves. This effect is small for oil because only 3% of the microwave power is reflected at an oil-air interface. On the other hand, 64% is reflected at a water-air interface, which causes strong resonant heating. Our findings might prove to be useful for future consumer food product development or oven design.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 313-322 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Transient temperature profiles in multilayer slabs are predicted, by simultaneously solving Maxwell's equations with the heat conduction equation, using Galerkin finite elements. It is assumed that the medium is homogeneous and has temperature-dependent dielectric and thermal properties. The method is illustrated with applications involving the heating of food and polymers with microwaves. The temperature dependence of dielectric properties affects the heating appreciably, as is shown by comparison with a constant property model.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 38 (1992), S. 1577-1592 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Transient temperature profiles for long rods of lossy dielectric materials with thermally-dependent dielectric properties exposed to uniform plane waves are obtained. Maxwell's equation and the heat equation are simultaneously solved using the finite element method to predict the power absorbed and the resulting temperature rise in samples of square and circular cross-section. Following the method introduced recently, we derive an exact radiation boundary condition which is independent of the rod cross-section. For a cylindrical sample, the boundary condition is imposed on the cylinder itself. For a square rod, the boundary condition is imposed on a cylinder containing the rod. The temperature dependence of dielectric properties and sample dimensions appreciably influence heating patterns. For square samples, the edges focus radiation, causing preferential heating at the edges. This effect is pronounced for larger samples. In addition, the incident wave polarization influences the heating of the rod. For waves where the electric field is polarized along the long axis of the sample (TMz polarization) the power absorbed is higher than when the electric field is perpendicular to the axis (TEz polarization). A case involving runaway heating is also investigated.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 40 (1994), S. 1268-1272 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1367-1373 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A recent paper by Donald Gignac describes some difficulties with a certain matrix eigenvalue problem. This paper shows that the difficulties result from the naturue of the matrix itself. Quantities called condition numbers, which measure the sensitivity of the eigenvalues, are computed, and numerical results given.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 191 (1990), S. 331-343 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The γ-ray initiated copolymerisation of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone with methyl methacrylate in the presence of crosslinker has been effected to high conversion. At two fixed compositions of the principal monomers, the inclusion of different concentrations of the tetrafunctional crosslinkers ethylene dimethacrylate and a low molar mass poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate produced crosslinked xerogels, which were subsequently swollen in water and 1,4-dioxane to yield hydrogels and organogels, respectively. These gels were characterised by determinations of sol fraction, equilibrium solvent content and uniaxial compression stress/strain measurements. Differences among the swelling and mechanical properties according to the nature and concentration of crosslinking agent and according to the nature of the swelling medium are noted and discussed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polymer-water interaction parameters, sequence length distributions and contents of total, freezing and non-freezing water have been discussed for a family of hydrogels. The xerogel precursors contained N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (VP) with several co-monomers of different levels of hydrophobicity present in the xerogel over a wide range of composition. Common trends in the behaviour of these systems have been noted and rationalised. In particular the findings indicate that (i) in the poly-VP hydrogel ther are ca. 8-10 molecules of non-freezing water per VP unit and (ii) in the copolymeric hydrogels the maximum occurring in the variation of mole fraction of VP versus mole fraction of water is due substantially to the sharp increase in uptake of freezing (or bulk) water by copolymers rich in VP.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 176 (1975), S. 963-975 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Photolyse von Copolymeren von Methylacrylat und Methylmethacrylat, deren Zusammensetzung sich über den gesamten Bereich erstreckt, wird in filmförmigem und in gelöstem Zustand sowohl im Vakuum als auch unter einer Sauerstoffatmosphäre studiert. In Filmen und unter Vakuum werden Copolymere mit hohem Acrylatgehalt unlöslich und der Grad der Vernetzung und Kettenspaltung kann mit Hilfe der Charlesby-Pinnerschen Gleichung in Anlehnung an die Ergebnisse von Untersuchungen der Sol-Gel Verteilung berechnet werden. Bei geringem Acrylatgehalt bleiben die Polymeren löslich, die Kettenspaltung überwiegt und kann über die Veränderungen im Zahlenmittel des Molekulargewichts gemessen werden. Charakteristische Unterschiede im Ablauf der Kettenspaltung unter den vier verschiedenen Versuchsbedingungen können erklärt werden: physikalisch durch solche Faktoren wie Lage der Glasübergangstemperaturen und Radikalrekombination im „Käfig“ und chemisch als Folge der alternativen Reaktionen, welche die primären Radikale eingehen können.
    Notes: The photolysis of copolymers of methyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate, covering the entire composition range, is studied with the copolymers in the form of film and in solution, under vacuum and in an atmosphere of oxygen. In film under vacuum, copolymers with high acrylate contents become insoluble, and cross-linking and chain scission may be separated by application of the Charlesby-Pinner equation to sol-gel separation data. Otherwise, the polymer remains soluble, chain scission predominates and may be measured by the changes in number average molecular weight. Differences in the characteristics of chain scission under the four sets of conditions are accounted for in terms of physical factors, such as glass transition temperatures and “cage” recombination of radicals, and chemically in terms of the alternative reactions available to the primary radicals involved.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 44 (1992), S. 691-698 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Both ab initio and semiempirical electronic structure calculations are used to investigate the molecular and electronic structures and eneregetic stabilities of an unusual bridged compound with the general formula [Y—SiH3—X—SiH3—Y]-, with Y = H or F and X = H, CH3, NH2, OH, F, or Cl. Most of these bridged anions are quite stable relative to YSiH3 + XSiH3Y-, and the stability is predicted to increase considerably when Y = H is replaced with Y = F.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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