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  • 1
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    Soft X-ray observation experiment MA-048 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The Apollo Soyuz Test Project Soft X-ray Experiment was designed to observe celestial X-ray sources in the energy range from 0.1 to 10 kiloelectronvolts. The instrument that was used in the experiment obtained energy and fast timing data to characterize both the spectrum and the variability of known X-ray sources. Data were obtained on approximately 12 sources. During the mission, the instrument developed an intermittent high voltage discharge problem that resulted in the loss of approximately 75 percent of the anticipated data, including the scans intended for mapping of the low energy diffuse X-ray background.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 11 p
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  • 2
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    On propagation direction of ring current proton ULF waves observed by ATS 6 at 6.6 R sub E (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: From June 11 to September 16, 1974, the NOAA low-energy proton detector on board the ATS 6 satellite observed 71 cases of ultralow-frequency oscillations of proton flux intensities. The oscillation periods varied from 40 s to 6 min, and the events were observed most frequently during moderate geomagnetic conditions. The flux oscillations occurred at various local times, yet almost two thirds of the events were detected in the near-dusk region of the magnetosphere. For a majority of the events in this set a substantial phase shift in flux oscillation was detected between different energy channels and/or between two oppositely oriented detector telescopes. The phase shift is mainly due to the finite gyroradius effect of the protons gyrating in the geomagnetic field. By examining this finite gyroradius effect on the perturbed particle distribution function associated with the wave in a nonuniform magnetic field, the propagation direction of the wave from particle observations made by a single spacecraft is determined
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; May 1
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  • 3
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    An energetic particle perspective of the magnetopause (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The present analysis deals with energetic (above 24 keV) particle data from the Isee satellites during a series of magnetopause crossings. The primary energetic particle data employed in the analysis are the three-dimensional distributions from the Isee A satellite. Correlative magnetic field measurements are used to relate the particle behavior to magnetic field characteristics at and earthward of the magnetopause. It is shown that, to first order, the magnetopause may be regarded as a perfectly absorbing boundary for the trapped energetic particles, that it is nearly always in motion, and that boundary waves are often present. The observed dayside magnetopause motion is consistent with a large-scale radial motion having an approximately 10-min period plus superimposed boundary waves with a 90- to 150-sec period.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Nov. 1
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  • 4
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    Simultaneous quiet time observations of energetic radiation belt protons and helium ions - The equatorial alpha/p ratio near 1 MeV (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Simultaneous monitoring of energetic helium ions and protons in the earth's radiation belts has been conducted with Explorer 45 in the immediate vicinity of the equatorial plane. Protons were measured from less than 1 keV to 1.6 MeV and also above 3.3 MeV in a channel responsive up to 22 MeV; helium ions were monitored in three passbands: 910 keV to 3.15 MeV, 590 to 910 keV, and 2.0 to 3.99 MeV. Alpha/proton flux ratios were found to vary significantly with energy and location in the radiation belts. At equal energy per nucleon a range of variability for alpha/p from 0.0001 to well above 0.001 was found, and at equal energy per ion the corresponding variability was from 0.001 to above 10. The latter findings emphasize the relative importance of the very energetic helium ions in the overall radiation belt ion populations.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; June 1
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  • 5
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    Quiet time observations of equatorially trapped megaelectronvolt radiation belt ions with nuclear charge Z greater than or equal to 4 (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Data from the equatorial satellite Explorer 45 were used to study ion fluxes during the geomagnetically quiescent period June 1-15, 1972. A heavy-ion solid-state ion detector system obtained count rates close to the equatorial plane in the energy passband 1.82-4.8 MeV per ion during a single satellite pass through the radiation belts. Fluxes of these ions are interpreted as oxygen ions and are found to maximize in the L shell range 3-3.5 with peak equatorially mirroring flux of 0.38 ions/(sq cm s sr keV). This peak is not as sharply confined in L shell as is the helium ion peak.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Sept. 1
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  • 6
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    Energetic ionized helium in the quiet time radiation belts - Theory and comparison with observation (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Theoretical calculations of helium ion distributions in the inner magnetosphere are compared to observations made by ATS-6 and Explorer-45. Coupled transport equations for equatorially mirroring singly and doubly ionized helium ions in the steady state limit with an outer boundary of L = 7 are solved. Radial profiles and energy spectra are computed at all lower L values. Theoretical quiet time predictions are compared to satellite observations of energetic helium ions in the lower MeV range. It is found that the theory adequately represents the principal characteristics of the radiation belt helium ion population.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Feb. 1
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  • 7
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    Theory for charge states of energetic oxygen ions in the earth's radiation belts (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Fluxes of geomagnetically trapped energetic oxygen ions have been studied in detail. Ion distributions in radial locations below the geostationary orbit, energy spectra between 1 keV and 100 MeV, and the distribution over charge states have been computed for equatorially mirroring ions. Both ionospheric and solar wind oxygen ion sources have been considered, and it is found that the charge state distributions in the interior of the radiation belts are largely independent of the charge state characteristics of the sources. In the MeV range, oxygen ions prove to be a more sensitive probe for radiation belt dynamics than helium ions and protons.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Apr. 1
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  • 8
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    Time-dependent shock acceleration of energetic electrons including synchrotron losses (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The present investigation of the time-dependent particle acceleration problem in strong shocks, including synchrotron radiation losses, solves the transport equation analytically by means of Laplace transforms. The particle distribution thus obtained is then transformed numerically into real space for the cases of continuous and impulsive injections of particles at the shock. While in the continuous case the steady-state spectrum undergoes evolution, impulsive injection is noted to yield such unpredicted features as a pile-up of high-energy particles or a steep power-law with time-dependent spectral index. The time-dependent calculations reveal varying spectral shapes and more complex features for the higher energies which may be useful in the interpretation of outburst spectra.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 360; 387-395
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