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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of dynamic interfacial properties on droplet breakup in simple shear flow (1994)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 40 (1994), S. 1929-1939 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The breakup of droplets in an inhomogeneous flow is the key to emulsification. Frequently, the local flow experienced by the drops is a (quasi-) simple shear flow. The breakup of droplets in a steady, simple shear flow in the absence of emulsifiers has been studied extensively. In the presence of emulsifiers, the droplet interface may acquire viscoelastic properties, which are important in the prevention of coalescence, but their influence on droplet breakup has not been established solidly. This article reports on a phenomenological approach, which links the droplet breakup dynamics to the interfacial viscoelasticity, identifying the latter with the elasticity modulus of a deforming planar interface. Over a viscosity ratio range of three decades, the results have been found to agree with the model, which uses only independently known quantities derived from equilibrium interfacial tension properties.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690401202
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanism of drying thick porous bodies during the falling rate period: I. The pseudo-wet-bulb temperature (1959)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 103-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The drying of two highly porous thick textiles is studied and compared. Extremes are chosen in that one package is composed of a Terylene (British form of a polyester fiber) net fabric of open structure and the other of a woolen flannel of close structure. The cloths are wound as bobbins and dried by hot air streaming in a wind tunnel, the air flowing parallel to the axis of the cylinder of material. The weight of water as drying progresses is measured by a balance, and thermocouples within the bobbin provide a temperature record.On investigation of the thermal conductivity of the dry structure, it is found that whereas the coefficient for the wool-air mixture is constant throughout, the coefficient for the Terylene-air mixture applies only in the depths, the apparent thermal conductivity growing larger toward the surface and with increasing air speed, as if the heat transfer through the open structure is assisted by some form of air penetration.As the thick textiles dry, the rate of evaporation falls off, since heat and water vapor have to pass through an increasing layer of dry material. While this is occurring, a constant temperature, the “pseudo-wet-bulb temperature,” is established throughout the wet cloth. This state of equilibrium may be expressed as an equation between the rate of heat conduction inward and that required to produce the vapor diffusion outward. From this equation the pseudo-wet-bulb temperature can be calculated.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690050122
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of gamma radiation and annealing on ultra-oriented polyethylene (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 527-532 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Filaments of ultra-oriented high density polyethylene were solid-state extruded at an extrusion (draw) ratio of 26 and subsequently irradiated under vacuum by a cobalt-60 source at doses of 10,15, 20, 40 and 60 megarads (MRad). Several identically prepared but unirradiated strands were also tested. One set of samples at each dose was immersed in a silicone oil bath for one half hour at 128°C and one set was given no post-irradiation thermal treatment. Characterization of the resultant morphologies included differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), birefringence, thermomechanical analysis (TMA), and tensile testing. Results from DSC measurements indicate that initial radiation crosslinking only slightly disrupts the crystal lattice, but on subsequent melting and re crystallization, the chains are unable to recrystallize effectively in their former habit. In all cases, melting point and crystallinity decrease with increasing radiation dose. Birefringence and TMA results indicate that orientation is not disrupted by irradiation. For unannealed samples, Young's modulus increases slightly then levels off while tensile strength and elongation at break increase initially, then drop, For annealed irradiated samples, Young's modulus rises at first, then levels off at higher doses. Tensile strength and elongation at break increase significantly with increasing radiation treatment, then essentially reach constant values at highest doses.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760180616
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extrusion of polymer tubing using a rotating mandrel (1976)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 827-830 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A rotating mandrel in a tubing die produces multiaxial orientation in the extruded melt. If the polymer melt is quenched rapidly, some multiaxial orientation is retained in the resultant tubing. Multiaxially oriented tubing exhibits reduced crack propagation and some enhancement of yield and fracture strengths. During the processing of multiaxially oriented tubing, relaxation occurs after the melt leaves the die and gives rise to wall thickening and reduction in the lumen of the tubing; the magnitude of these effects is a function of the rate of mandrel rotation.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760161210
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental modeling of solvent-casting thin polymer films (1990)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 30 (1990), S. 118-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An apparatus was designed and assembled to study the solvent removal from solution-cast thin polymer films. The computer interfacing of a thermogravimetric analyzer, spectrophotometer, electronic flowmeters, and control valves for the apparatus enabled the preprogramming of the carrier gas velocity, carrier gas solvent content, and temperature profiles to simulate the environment experienced in large parallel flow industrial driers. The apparatus has also been designed and operated to enable the visual observation of the drying film with an optical microscope. Initial experimental studies conducted with the apparatus involved the effect of temperature on solvent removal. The results indicate that high dryer gas temperatures can apparently cause skinning of the film surface resulting in slower solvent removal rates. The skin formation can be suppressed by higher solvent concentration in the carrier gas. The visual observations revealed the formation of standing waves in the film surface during drying at high gas velocities (〉2OO cm/min). The wave formation at least partially overcomes the effect of skinning by increasing the surface area of the film, and may be the manifestation of flow instabilities involving circulation within the film.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760300208
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of the deformation of polypropylene hot-tool butt welds (1992)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 32 (1992), S. 586-592 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Thin microtomed samples from hot-tool butt welds of polypropylene pipes are subjected to uniaxial tensile stress using a specially built instrumented microtesting machine. The deformation of the interface between the weld and the bulk polymer is measured by an optical method. An analysis of these measurements is carried out using the finite element method, and contours of the effective stress are obtained. There is a steep stress gradient at the junction of the weld flash and the bulk polymer, although the stress concentration factor is relatively low. The stress is essentially constant in the bulk polymer apart from the region near the weld zone. Tests on samples without the weld flash show that the maximum stress occurs within the weld zone. This is consistent with long-term tests on larger samples, where the fracture is found to initiate within the weld. The method of analysis enables the stress-strain response of the weld material to be determined.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760320904
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Total pressure method for vapor-liquid equilibria at low absolute pressures: Aniline-nitrobenzene systems (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 312-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Binary vapor-liquid equilibrium data for use in the successful design and operation of mass transfer equipment at pressures down to approximately 5 mm. Hg may be advantageously obtained by the method of total pressures. In this method the desired equilibrium data are derived from pressure vs. temperature measurements on a convnient number of made-up solutions covering the entire composition range.With a modified Smith and Menzies isoteniscope, it is possible to measure accurately the data required for making the equilibrium calculations down to 2 mm. abs. pressure without the “bumping,” supercooling, and superheating encountered with equilibrium stills. The isoteniscope is simple to construct and operate from 1 atm. to 2 mm. abs.The use of the total pressure method and the isoteniscope is illustrated by the determination of the vapor-liquid equilibrium in the aniline-nitrobenzene system at 5 and 10 mm. abs. In nineteen out of twenty instances the vapor compositions for a given liquid composition are precise to within ± 0.9% and the relative volatility, which varied between 2.54 and 1.85 over the composition and temperature ranges, is precise within ± 1.5%.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010307
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Liquid viscosities of methane and propane (1959)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 98-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The theory and calibration procedure for a cylindrical falling body viscometer is presented.Experimental viscosity data are given for liquid methane from -150°C. to the critical point and for liquid propane from -185° to +90°C. The maximum experimental error for methane data is ±8% and for propane data ±5%.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690050121
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spray - extraction-tower studies (1957)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 3 (1957), S. 101-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper describes further research on a 4-in. I.D. by 8-ft. spray tower of Elgin design. Previous work concerned limiting flow and holdup in this tower. Owing to its high capacity and low cost, the spray tower would have much greater commercial application in liquid-liquid extraction if its conditions of transient operation could be predicted and if it could be operated to yield low Ht values. This research attempts to show that transient conditions can be predicted and that low Ht values for both mass and heat transfer can be realized near the limiting flow conditions.Theroretical equations for rate of approach to steady state derived and tested for the systems ethylene dichloride-water-propionic acid and ethylene dichloride-water-acetic acid show that the approach depends on the ratio of the phase flow rates. This study is important for the prediction of start-up time for industrial towers.With the same systems the extraction capacity of the spray tower was investigated up to the condition of rejection. The results were correlated as KEa and Ht, OE vs. a function of the ratio of the phase flow rates. The dispersed-phase flow rate was found to have primary significance.The heat transfer rates between water as continuous phase and solvents of various denisties were correlated as Ht′ values plotted against a function of the ratio of the phase flow rates. The advantages of operation near rejection were demonstrated, and the effect of direction of heat transfer was found to be significant.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690030117
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Investigation of processing-structure-properties relationships in polyethylene blown films (1994)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 34 (1994), S. 1506-1514 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Molecular orientation imparted during film fabrication is known to have a major effect on mechanical and thermal properties of both glassy and semicrystalline polymers. A three-variable Box-Behnken designed experiment was used to study the effects of die gap, die land length, and blowup ratio (BUR) on key linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) blown film properties at constant final film thickness. In addition, differences in molecular orientation in the films were studied using optical birefringence and shrinkage methods. Measured key film properties were correlated to processing conditions and to measured molecular orientation. Die land length had no significant effect on film structure and properties. All LLDPE films exhibited about 70 to 80% shrinkage in the machine direction (MD) but expanded in the cross direction (CD). Most films exhibited negative in-plane birefringence. MD Elmendorf tear was found to be inversely related to drawdown ratio and MD shrinkage, suggesting that MD tear is dependent primarily on amorphous chain extension and hence, amorphous segments orientation for LLDPE blown films. Dart impact strength of the films was shown to be related to MD shrinkage and to the induced surface roughness due to varying die gap. In a separate study, blown films of three high pressure LDPEs were fabricated under nearly identical conditions. No correlation was found between birefringence and shrinkage data on the LDPE blown films.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760341911
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