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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Population dynamics and regulation of the Douglas squirrel (Tamiasciurus douglasii) with supplemental food (1982)
    Springer
    Oecologia 53 (1982), S. 264-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary If food is in short supply, then provision of addition food should increase the density of Douglas squirrels. A squirrel population was supplied with extra food during the summers of 1977 and 1978 and winter of 1978–1979 in coastal coniferous forest at Maple Ridge, British Columbia. Food produced a 5-to 10-fold increase in squirrel density compared with control populations. Control densities generally varied from 3 to 10 squirrels per trapping area with the experimental population increasing to 65 animals during the winter feeding. This irruption was produced by immigration, more reproduction in females, and increased survival. After the food was withdrawn, the population declined to a level comparable with the controls. We conclude that Douglas squirrel populations fluctuate in accordance with the abundance of food. Territorial behavior may space individuals within populations of Tamiasciurus douglasii but to density levels determined by the available food supply.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00545675
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The use of weasels for natural control of mouse and vole populations in a coastal coniferous forest (1980)
    Springer
    Oecologia 47 (1980), S. 125-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary If the natural enemy component of biological control is functional in small mammals, then the introduciton of weasels should effectively reduce populations of deer mice and Oregon voles. Seven weasels introduced to an area of forest habitat in coastal British Columbia did not appreciably lower the abundance of mice or voles. However, these natural predators may have contributed to the localized extinction of the vole population on the experimental area. Weasels were generally more abundant in the late summer and early fall and preferred clearcut (logged) successional habitats compared with forested areas. The results of this study are discussed with respect to the futility of poison baiting and related techniques of removing rodent pest populations from forest and agricultural land developments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00541787
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of Roundup® herbicide on populations ofDaphnia magna in a forest pond (1980)
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 25 (1980), S. 353-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01985537
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of roundup® herbicide on diatom populations in the aquatic environment of a coastal forest (1981)
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 26 (1981), S. 91-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01622060
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental studies of rainbow trout populations exposed to field applications of Roundup® herbicide (1982)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 11 (1982), S. 93-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports the effects of Roundup®3 herbicide (MON 02139) on rainbow trout viability and behavior in several field experiments at the University of British Columbia Research Forest. Laboratory and field 96-hr LC50 values were similar: 54.8 and 52.0 mg/L. Avoidance-preference data indicated that fish would avoid lethal levels of Roundup. Operational application of Roundup at the recommended field dose of (2.2 kg a.e./ha), as well as 10× and 100× field dose resulted in no mortality to rainbow trout in field streams. Results indicate that operational spraying with this herbicide for weed control should not be detrimental to rainbow trout populations. Improper use or accidental spills of Roundup could be avoided by rainbow trout and should not be lethal if diluted in a moderately-flowing stream.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01055192
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cover and efficacy of predator-based repellents for Townsend's voleMicrotus townsendii (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 401-412 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Wildlife damage ; Townsend's vole ; Microtus townsendii ; predator odors ; repellents ; cover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Predator-based repellents have been used experimentally to control wildlife damage in both agriculture and forestry, but they have not always been effective. We examined the relative importance of cover and predator odors in forage patch selection by Townsend's vole,Microtus townsendii, and its behavior related to cover and predator cues. Experiments were conducted in which forage patch and area choices were related to available habitat alternatives. Outdoor enclosures were divided into halves: one side was treated and the other used as a control. Treatments consisting of “cover,” “repellent,” and “cover plus repellent” were compared to controls (no cover, no repellent). In the absence of cover, voles preferred to feed on the side without repellents. When cover was present, voles preferred to feed on the side with cover, regardless of whether or not repellents were present. Voles visited more feeding stations on the side without cover when repellents and cover were present than they visited during cover-only treatments. These additional feeding stations, visited outside of cover, were used only lightly as food sources. The amounts of oats eaten by voles decreased with increasing distance from cover. This inverse relationship had a steeper slope in coveronly treatments compared to cover plus repellent treatments. A selection model based on forage patch selection and a habitat preference hierarchy is proposed. We conclude that predator odors are effective as repellents, but their efficacy depends on habitat conditions. Managers intending to use predator-based repellents must ensure that alternative sites available to pests are better quality habitat than in areas to be protected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00994341
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of the plant antifeedant, pinosylvin, on suppression of feeding by snowshoe hares (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 1151-1164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Plant antifeedants ; pinosylvin ; pinosylvin methyl ether ; snowshoe hare ; Lepus americanus ; herbivore ; lodgepole pine ; forest plantation ; release devices ; feeding suppression ; crop protection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This study investigated the influence of the plant antifeedants, pinosylvin and pinosylvin methyl ether (PME), on suppression of feeding by snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus). Screening bioassays showed clearly that pinosylvin suppressed feeding by hares when sprayed directly on coniferous tree seedlings. Pinosylvin odor, when associated with food (but not mixed with it), also significantly reduced consumption of rabbit chow by hares. Large pen bioassays indicated that both pinosylvin and PME significantly reduced feeding on tree seedlings by hares when the antifeedants were sprayed directly on trees. In field bioassays near Prince George, British Columbia, Canada, pinosylvin sprayed on trees and encapsulated in controlled-release devices of PVC plastic, with an internal wire as a twist-tie for attachment to tree, significantly reduced feeding by hares. Thus, pinosylvin will generate an “avoidance response” in terms of feeding by snowshoe hares. This response is likely triggered by an olfactory pathway based on positive results with controlledrelease devices attached to seedlings. Our study reports the first practical utilization of plant antifeedants for forest crop protection and wildlife management.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00980070
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of mustelid semiochemicals on population dynamics of the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 667-689 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Semiochemicals ; deer mouse ; weasel ; Mustela spp. ; interspecific communication ; Peromyscus maniculatus ; biological control ; vole ; Microtus spp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of mustelid anal-gland compounds on population dynamics of the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) was investigated. Densities of deer mice were not found to be significantly different between treated and control areas. However, on average, numbers of deer mice were lower on treated areas following the July treatments of 1991 and 1992. Survival rates appeared to be lower and more erratic on treated than control areas in 1991; however, there were no statistically significant differences. Reproduction appeared to be unaffected by the odors. We concluded that deer mice did not display a behavioral response to weasel odors. We speculated that decreases in densities were owing to predation by weasels, which were attracted to the odors on treated sites. We also concluded that the use of weasel odors as a biological control method for voles (Microtus spp.) would likely have little impact on deer mice (a nontarget species).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02059606
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of mustelid scent-gland compounds on suppression of feeding by snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1809-1821 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Scent-gland compounds ; thietanes ; dithiolanes ; sulfur-containing compounds ; mustelids ; snowshoe hare ; lodgepole pine ; forestry ; crop protection ; feeding suppression ; interspecific communication ; kairomones ; Lepus americanus ; Pinus contorta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This study investigated the influence of mustelid anal-gland compounds in suppressing feeding by snowshoe hares on coniferous tree seedlings. Pen and field bioassays indicated that 3-propyl-1,2-dithiolane from the stoat (Mustela erminea), and secondarily, 2,2-dimethylthietane from the mink (M. vison) had a very negative effect on feeding behavior of hares. The major component of stoat anal gland secretions, 2-propylthietane, and the related compounds, thietane and 2-methylthietane, were not effective. 3,3-Dimethyl-1,2-dithiolane from the least weasel (M. nivalis) and ferret (M. putorius) and di-n-propyldisulfide (acyclic analog of 3-propyl-1,2-dithiolane) similarly did not affect hare feeding. 3-Propyl-1,2-dithiolane and 2,2-dimethylthietane (also found inM. erminea) may act as interspecific chemical signals which induce a fear or avoidance response in hares. Such compounds have outstanding potential as area repellents to reduce crop and livestock depredations. Our study reports one of the first practical utilizations of mammalian semiochemicals in crop protection and wildlife management.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987363
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response of pocket gophers (Thomomys talpoides) to an operational application of synthetic semiochemicals of stoat (Mustela erminea) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 941-949 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pocket gopher ; avoidance response ; mustelids ; 2-propylthietane ; 3-propyl-1,2-dithiolane ; 3,3-dimethyl-1,2-dithiolane ; anal-gland compounds ; operational application ; Thomomys talpoides ; Mustela spp. ; controlled-release devices
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports on laboratory bioassays and a large-scale field trial of synthetic mustelid anal-gland compounds in controlled-release devices designed for operational application to burrow systems of northern pocket gophers (Thomomys talpoides). The field study was conducted in an apple orchard in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia. In laboratory bioassays, a 1∶1 mixture of 2-propylthietane and 3-propyl-1,2-dithiolane from the stoat (Mustela erminea) and 3,3-dimethyl-1,2-dithiolane from the ferret (M. putorius), dispensed in clay pellets (activated alumina), produced a significant avoidance response by gophers. All resident gophers were permanently removed from 4-ha control and treatment blocks prior to placement of stoat odor in burrows. As indexed by soil mounds, significantly fewer gophers colonized the treatment (40) than the control (68) removal area during a 5.5-month overwinter experiment. There was also a significant difference when comparing the number of mounds between pre-(79) and posttreatment (40) censuses. In addition, most gopher activity tended to occur on the perimeter of the treatment block. Abundance of gophers showed little difference between additional 4-ha control and treatment blocks where gophers had not been removed. The results of this study provide an alternative technique to toxicants for pocket gopher control on forest and agricultural land.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01016502
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