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  • oxidation  (38)
  • Springer  (38)
  • Nature Publishing Group
  • Societe Geologique de France
  • 1990-1994  (28)
  • 1980-1984  (10)
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  • Springer  (38)
  • Nature Publishing Group
  • Societe Geologique de France
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 30 (1991), S. 29-45 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: advanced glycosylation endproducts (AGE) ; ag(e)ing ; aminoguanidine ; ascorbate ; autoxidation ; biomarker ; browning reaction ; chemical modification of proteins ; diabetes ; glycation ; glycoxidation ; nonenzymatic glycosylation ; oxidation ; Maillard reaction ; Aminoguanidin ; Ascorbat ; Autooxidation ; Biomarker ; Bräunungsreaktion ; chemische Veränderung vonProteinen ; Diabetes ; Glycosylierung ; Glycoxidation ; nichtenzymatische ; Glycosylierung ; Oxidation ; Maillardreaktion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Maillard- oder Bräunungsreaktion genannten Umsetzungen zwischen reduzierenden Zuckern und Eiweiß führen zur chemischen Zerstörung der Aminosäuren und zum Verlust der Proteinqualität während der Lebensmittelbearbeitung und -lagerung. Der vorliegende Beitrag zeigt Befunde auf, daß die Maillardreaktion auch im Gewebe des Menschen bei der Alterung von Proteinen mit langer biologischer Halbwertszeit auftritt. Die Konzentrationen an den sogenannten Amadori-Produkten, die im Initialstadium der Maillardreaktion aus Glucose und den Proteinen der Augenlinse oder dem Kollagen der Haut entstehen, erwiesen sich als relativ konstant, auch mit zunehmendem Alter. Die Produkte der Glycosylierung und nachfolgenden Oxidation der Proteine, auch Glycoxidationsprodukte genannt, häufen sich dagegen im Alter an, und zwar bei Diabetikern in vermehrtem Maße. Zu diesen Produkten gehören die Aminosäurenderivate N-(carboxymethyl)-lysin (CML), N-(carboxymethyl)-hydroxylysin (CMhL) sowie das fluoreszierende Quervernetzungsprodukt Pentosidin. Während diese Glycoxidationsprodukte in den Körpergeweben nur in Spuren vorkommen, gibt es deutliche Hinweise auf die Anwesenheit weiterer Bräunungsprodukte, deren Charakterisierung jedoch noch aussteht. Es werden Möglichkeiten zur „Entgiftung“ der reaktiven Zwischenprodukte aus der Maillardreaktion sowie zum Abbau extrem gebräunter Proteine diskutiert sowie neuere Möglichkeiten zur therapeutischen Modulierung fortgeschrittener Stadien der Maillardreaktion aufgezeigt.
    Notes: Summary The Maillard or browning reaction between reducing sugars and protein contributes to the chemical deterioration and loss of nutritional value of proteins during food processing and storage. This article presents and discusses evidence that the Maillard reaction is also involved in the chemical aging of long-lived proteins in human tissues. While the concentration of the Amadori adduct of glucose to lens protein and skin collagen is relatively constant with age, products of sequential glycation and oxidation of protein, termed glycoxidation products, accumulate in these long-lived proteins with advancing age and at an accelerated rate in diabetes. Among these products are the chemically modified amino acids, Nɛ-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML), Nɛ-(carboxymethyl)hydroxylysine (CMhL), and the fluorescent crosslink, pentosidine. While these glycoxidation products are present at only trace levels in tissue proteins, there is strong evidence for the presence of other browning products which remain to be characterized. Mechanisms for detoxifying reactive intermediates in the Maillard reaction and catabolism of extensively browned proteins are also discussed, along with recent approaches for therapeutic modulation of advanced stages of the Maillard reaction.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 14 (1980), S. 263-277 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; Ni-Cr alloys ; two-phase alloys
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Oxidation of the relatively simple, two-phase alloy Ni-70 wt.%Cr in oxygen between 1073 and 1473°K results in the formation of a Cr2O3 scale containing less than O.5 wt.% Ni in solid solution. The oxidation kinetics are irreproducible for an initial period, which is brief at 1073 and 1273°K but much more pronounced at 1473°K, both in duration and degree. This behavior is associated with the failure of the protective Cr2O3 scale. However, after longer periods a compact layer of Cr2O3 becomes established under isothermal conditions and results in a change to more reproducible kinetics, especially at 1073 and 1273°K. Oxidation causes chromium depletion and the formation of a single-phase zone which separates the scale and the two-phase bulk alloy. The depth of Cr2O3 internal oxide coincides with this zone. The oxidation behavior is compared with that of more Ni-rich, single-phase Ni-Cr alloys, with particular reference to the effects of the constitution of the underlying alloy and the integrity of the protective oxide.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 18 (1982), S. 295-314 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Nickel-manganese alloys ; oxidation ; solid solution scales ; internal oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Ni-Mn alloys containing up to 38% Mn have been oxidized in pure oxygen between 873 and 1273 K and the parabolic rate constants measured. The scale morphologies and oxide compositions are interpreted in terms of modifications to the scale on pure Mn caused by the presence of Ni. The scales are composed predominantly of two layers at all temperatures, giving the sequences of phases alloy/cubic monoxide (Ni, Mn)O/ternary spinel, with the cubic (Ni, Mn)O layer always having the greater thickness. There is limited evidence for a third, very thin, outer layer in the scales on all alloys at 873 K and for Ni-38%Mn at 1073 K, which is tentatively considered to be Mn2O3, giving layers in the order alloy/cubic monoxide/ternary spinel/Mn2O3, by analogy with the scale formed on pure Mn. The distribution of the alloy components in the scale is discussed in relation to the Ni-Mn-O phase diagram and in terms of recent theoretical treatments of solid solution scale formation on binary alloys, as far as the available diffusion data allow. The occurrence of internal and intergranular oxidation and the formation of a Mn-depleted zone coincident with the band of uniform internal oxide are considered briefly.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: aluminum-lithium alloys ; oxidation ; oxide nucleation ; lateral oxide growth ; secondary ion mass spectrometry ; scanning ion microprobe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The high-temperature oxidation behavior of binary Al-Li alloys has been characterized by scanning electron microscopy and secondary ion mass spectrometry in order to understand the mechanism of rapid oxidation in these alloys and to correlate the oxide morphology to its microchemistry. The oxide scale developed on polished specimens during short exposures in air at 530°C shows characteristic nodules that usually nucleate at grain boundaries. Examination of the alloy surface after removal of the oxide layer shows that the initial growth of the oxide nodules occurs laterally in addition to thickening normal to the oxide/alloy interface. Microchemical analysis of the oxide film with a scanning ion microprobe reveals a thick Li-oxide layer at the oxide/gas interface indicating preferential oxidation of Li at the free surface; the rest of the oxide film is composed of both Al- and Li-rich oxides, probably Li2O and LiAlO2 The presence of trace impurities (K, Na, F, and Cl) in the oxide scale was also detected. A microstructural model for the development of the oxide film in the Al-Li system is presented on the basis of both morphological and microanalytical data obtained in this study; this new model is compared with existing models.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 37 (1992), S. 23-37 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: aluminum-lithium alloys ; oxidation ; second-phase particles ; secondary ion mass spectrometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Oxidation behavior of Al-Li alloys, containing a high volume fraction of Ferich second-phase particles, was studied at 530°C and 200°C. Morphological studies showed enhanced growth of Li-rich oxides in the vicinity of the insoluble second-phase particles. Microanalytical depth profiling of the oxide layer with a high resolution scanning ion microprobe indicated rapid diffusion and subsequent oxidation of Li at the free surface. Examination of the alloy surface after removal of the oxide layer suggested that the initial oxide growth occurred in the lateral direction. Secondary ion image depth profiling of the alloy surface after oxide removal revealed Li segregation to the alloy/second-phase interface, supplying Li for accelerated oxidation. A microstructural model of the oxidation process in this case is presented.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Gaeumannomyces graminis ; genotypes ; interaction ; manganese ; oxidation ; take-all ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Take-all is a world-wide root-rotting disease of cereals. The causal organism of take-all of wheat is the soil-borne fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var tritici (Ggt). No resistance to take-all, worthy of inclusion in a plant breeding programme, has been discovered in wheat but the severity of take-all is increased in host plants whose tissues are deficient for manganese (Mn). Take-all of wheat will be decreased by all techniques which lift Mn concentrations in shoots and roots of Mn-deficient hosts to adequate levels. Wheat seedlings were grown in a Mn-deficient calcareous sand in small pots and inoculated with four field isolates of Ggt. Infection by three virulent isolates was increased under conditions which were Mn deficient for the wheat host but infection by a weakly virulent isolate, already low, was further decreased. Only the three virulent isolates caused visible oxidation of Mn in vitro. The sensitivity of Ggt isolates to manganous ions in vitro did not explain the extent of infection they caused on wheat hosts. In a similar experiment four Australian wheat genotypes were grown in the same Mn-deficient calcareous sand and inoculated with one virulent isolate of Ggt. Two genotypes were inefficient at taking up manganese and were very susceptible to take-all, one was very efficient at taking up manganese and was resistant to take-all, and the fourth genotype was intermediate for both characters. All genotypes were equally resistant under Mn-adequate conditions.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 13 (1992), S. 341-347 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: Methane ; oxidation ; oxidative coupling ; hydroformylation ; propanal ; catalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract High yield synthesis of propanal from methane and air can be obtained in a single pass at atmospheric pressure. Three catalytic processes are combined to give 13% yield of propanal based on total methane input. Ethene is made from the oxidative coupling reaction and carbon monoxide and hydrogen is generated from partial oxygenation of methane. These gases are combined and passed to a hydroformylation catalyst to give liquid propanal. The unreacted methane is inert in the hydroformylation stage, while oxygen deactivates the catalyst readily. The results imply that propanal can be obtained, in good yield, from methane and air provided that total oxygen conversion is achieved. The yield of propanal from the three combined processes can be substantially higher than that of ethene from the oxidative coupling reaction. Thus, higher yields of a condensible and oxygenated product are obtained.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 16 (1992), S. 217-221 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: Methane ; ethane ; methanol ; ethanol ; ozone ; oxygen atom ; oxidation ; sensitization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The reaction of O2, O3, and CH4 or C2H6 of 7.76, 0.24 and 92% of the hydrocarbon respectively (residence time of 8.8 min) at 1 atm, and 400 °C for CH4 and 300 °C for C2H6 gave CO, CO2, H2O, CH2O and CH3OH from CH4 and in addition CH4, C2H4, CH3CHO and C2H5OH from C2H6. No reaction occurred when O3 was absent indicating that the partial oxidation was sensitized (initiated) by the oxygen atoms formed by the decomposition of ozone.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 6 (1990), S. 181-186 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: Metals for catalysis “syngas” ; oxidation ; nickel ; platinum group metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas has been carried out over a number of transition metal catalysts under a range of conditions. It is found that the metals Ni, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ir and Pt, either supported on alumina or present in mixed metal oxide precursors, will bring the system to equilibrium. The yield of CO and H2 improves with increasing temperature in the range 650–1050 K, and decreases with increasing pressure between 1 and 20 atm. An excellent yield (∼92%) is obtained with a 4∶2∶1 N2∶CH4∶O2 ratio at 1050 K and atmospheric pressure, with a space velocity of 4×104 hour−1.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 8 (1991), S. 327-333 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: Platinum ; alumina ; oxichloride ; oxidation ; sintering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Reduced Pt/Al2O3 catalysts with different chloride contents were treated at different temperatures under oxygen flow. TPR and TPD studies of oxidized species show that at low Cl/Pt atomic ratio (⩽1) PtO2 is formed at low temperature (400–500 K) and is totally decomposed (900 K) yielding reduced metallic Pt and inducing metal sintering. At high Cl/Pt atomic ratio (⩾6) formation of stable (up to 1000 K) platinum oxichloride avoids metal sintering.
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