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  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (56)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science  (27)
  • 1990-1994  (50)
  • 1980-1984  (33)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Racing To Invest? The Dynamics of Competition in Ethical Drug Discovery (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 3 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Recent advances in the theoretical literature have greatly expanded our understanding of the forces that shape the competitive dynamics of research and development, but a paucity of sufficiently detailed empirical data has left these insights relatively untested. We draw on unusually detailed qualitative and quantitative infernal data provided at the research program level by 10 major pharmaceutical firms to explore the usefulness of the modern literature as a source of insight into the dynamics of competition in ethical drug discovery.Our analysis focuses on one particularly compelling aspect of the literature: the suggestion that in “winner take all situations,” competition in R&D becomes a Prisoner's Dilemma, leading to overinvestment in research. Without adequate measures of the social return to innovation, we can say nothing about whether there is “too much” or “too little” research undertaken by the industry, but our results do not support the suggestion that R&D investment in drug discovery is driven by the “tit-for-tat” or simple reaction function models hinted at by the institutional literature. First, R&D investment is only weakly correlated across firms once common responses to exogenous shocks are accounted far, and second, rivals' R&D results are positively correlated with own research productivity, which we interpret as evidence for extensive R&D spillovers rather than the depletion externality implied by “winner take all” models.These results are not, of themselves, sufficient to reject the hypothesis that investment behavior in the industry is driven by strategic considerations since there is theoretical support for a wide variety of observable behavior as equilibrium outcomes of strategic interaction. Nonetheless, they suggest that the more extreme forms of rent dissipation identified in the literature are probably poor characterizations of the reality of competition in pharmaceuticals. Our results point both to the need to develop theories that incorporate richer models of possible payoff structures, adjustment costs, and firm heterogeneity and to the need to collect empirical data that is comprehensive enough to enable one to test them.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1994.00481.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Accretion and post-accretion metamorphism in subduction complex terranes of the New England Fold Belt, eastern Australia (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of metamorphic geology 11 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Regional metamorphic rocks that form Late Palaeozoic subduction complexes in central Queensland, Australia, are products of two metamorphic episodes. Synaccretion metamorphism (M1) gave rise to prehnite-pumpellyite and greenschist facies rocks, whereas a subsequent episode (M2) at about 250 Ma formed upper greenschist to upper amphibolite facies rocks of both intermediate- and low-pressure type, probably in a compressive arc or back-arc setting. A similar pattern can be recognized for 1000 km along the New England Fold Belt, although at several localities, where higher grade rocks are exposed, metamorphism was essentially continuous over the M1-M2 interval, with a rapid rise in geothermal gradient at the end of accretion. Where out-stepping of tectonic elements has occurred at long-lived convergent margins elsewhere, similar overprinting of high- by lower-pressure facies series is anticipated, complicating the tectonic interpretation of metamorphism. The discrete character of metamorphic events may be blurred where conditions giving rise to a major episode of accretion and out-stepping are followed by the subduction of a major heat source.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.1993.tb00150.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seasonal distribution of stem-boring larvae including frit fly (Diptera: Oscinella frit L.) and pest damage in perennial ryegrass (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 38 (1983), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Changes in the population of stem-boring Dipterous larvae (including Oscinella frit) were examined weekly for a year on plots of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv. S24). The herbage net regrowth rate of these plots and of plots receiving the pesticide, phorate, was also monitored. Herbage net regrowth rates were greatest in April and October. At the same times the differences in net regrowth between treated and untreated plots were greatest, thus indicating the periods of the greatest loss of production due to pest damage to the sward.Populations of stem-boring larvae fell below 100 m−2 for only 4 weeks in the year and were maximal in autumn and early winter. Larval mortality exceeded 50% during the winter period. A correlation was found between larval activity and sward damage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1983.tb01650.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cell wall degrading enzymes for silage. 1. The fermentation of enzyme-treated ryegrass in laboratory silos (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 48 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The effects of two commercial cellulase/hemicellulase enzymes derived from Trichoderma reesei on silage fermentation were investigated in three laboratory-scale experiments. In Experiment 1, perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) was treated with enzyme A at the rates of 0, 0·125, 0·250, 0·500 and 0·750 cm3 kg-1. In Experiment 2, Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) was treated with the same enzyme at the rates of 0, 0·250 and 0·500 cm3 kg-1 and with 85% formic acid (3·5 cm3 kg-1). In Experiment 3, perennial ryegrass was ensiled untreated, with enzyme A (0·250 and 0·500 cm3 kg-1) and with 0·200 and 0·400 cm3 kg-1 enzyme B which also contained glucose oxidase. All silages were well preserved. In general enzyme treatment reduced pH and the contents of ammonia nitrogen, neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre, whereas the contents of water-soluble carbohydrates, acetic acid, lactic acid and ethanol were increased.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1993.tb01835.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of pesticide application on upland permanent pasture (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 37 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: An estimate of the level of pest damage on enclosed upland permanent pasture in England and Wales was made by reducing invertebrate populations with insecticides at thirteen well-distributed sites and measuring the effect on herbage growth over a 3-year period. Potential pests were fewer in number than on lowland pastures and there was a wide range in herbage yield between sites. Insecticide treatment significantly increased annual yields at only three of the sites, and significantly decreased yield at two of the sites. Insect damage to grassland appears to be much less important in upland than in lowland areas: this may be due to the relative scarcity of frit-fly in these areas, but this could change if its preferred host, ryegrass, were encouraged by intensification of sward management in the uplands. At all but one of the sites insecticide treatment led to considerable soil compaction, probably as a consequence of suppressing earthworm populations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1982.tb01587.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of insecticide treatment on the establishment and growth of Italian ryegrass under different sowing conditions (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 35 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Italian ryegrass, Lolium multiflorum Lam., cv. RvP., was broadcast in spring on to fine and coarse seedbeds at seed rates of either 2 or 20 kg ha-1. Each of the four combinations of sowing condition was either left untreated or treated with fungicide or insecticide. The establishment of the sown species and of weeds under each regime was measured and their relative contribution to dry matter assessed in four cuts during the sowing year. Seed rate affected weed invasion and yield more than seedbed condition. Insecticide treatment increased the establishment and yield of ryegrass and its contribution to total herbage yield under all four sowing conditions. The fungicide treatment had no effect. The improvements caused by insecticide treatment were associated with a reduction in the level of infestation by shoot flies, Oscinella spp. (Diptera: Chloropidae): the effect of a single treatment in April was still detectable in October.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1980.tb01517.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multinational closure and the case of Massey-Ferguson, Kilmarnock (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Industrial relations journal 15 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2338
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Here the authors examine the reasons underlying the closure of a large manufacturing plant of a multinational corporation, the mechanics of that closure and the apparent inability of conventional bargaining and industrial relations practices to alter the course of events.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2338.1984.tb00852.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Migration and the Distribution of Earnings in the South (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 13 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1982.tb00707.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Worker representation and the articulation of training needs (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Industrial relations journal 11 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2338
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The focus of discussion about industrial democracy has shifted from worker directors to collective bargaining. This shift means that representatives will find themselves negotiating on relatively unfamiliar ground, with consequent implications for their training needs. Tom Schuller and Simon Henderson discuss certain issues identified in an SSRC-sponsored project on training for worker representatives.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2338.1980.tb00314.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Retail Business Adjustment in Rural Hierarchies (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 23 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Many rural hierarchies are becoming increasingly dominated by a few regional growth centers while the retail sector in adjacent smaller communities either stagnates or declines. This study tests the hypothesis that the rate of adjustment of the retail sector to changing consumer spending patterns is uniform across different ordered communities in a rural hierarchy. Neoclassical investment theory is combined with central place theory to develop a conceptual model of the relationship between the retail sector and investment in a community. A three tiered 49 community hierarchy is constructed using data from the Minnesota Department of Revenue and the Report of Condition and Income of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. A crosssectional time series ordinary least squares regression model is employed to estimate retail coefficients of adjustment for the hypothesis testing. Regional estimates indicate only partial adjustment in the retail sector across the whole hierarchy to shifts in consumer spending patterns. Community estimates, which decompose the regional estimate, indicate retail businesses in the largest and mid-sized communities adjust totally in one period, but that retail businesses in the smallest communities do not. The faster rates of adjustment by retail businesses in the larger communities to changing consumer spending patterns may augment the development of regional growth centers in rural areas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1992.tb00573.x
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