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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (56)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (19)
  • 1990-1994  (46)
  • 1980-1984  (29)
  • 1870-1879
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 204 (1990), S. 177-196 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This light and transmission electron microscopical study shows that the first polar body is given off before ovulation and that part of its cell membrane and that of the surrounding oocyte have long microvilli at the time of its ejection. Several layers of cumulus cells initially surround the secondary oocyte and first polar body, but the ovulated oocytes in the oviducts in the process of being fertilized do not have cumulus cells around them. Partly expelled second polar bodies occur in the oviduct; they are elongated structures that lack organelles and have electron-dense nuclei. A small fertilization cone appears to form around the sperm tail at the time of sperm entry into the egg and an incorporation cone develops around the sperm head in the egg cytoplasm. In three fertilized eggs a small hole was seen in the zona, which was presumably formed by the spermatozoon during penetration. Cortical granules, present in ovarian oocytes, are not seen in fertilized tubal or uterine eggs; release of their contents probably reduces the chances of polyspermy, although at least one polyspermic fertilized egg was seen and several other fertilized eggs had spermatozoa within the zona pellucida. In the zygote the pronuclei come to lie close together, but there was no evidence of fusion. A “yolk mass,” which becomes eccentric before ovulation, is extruded by the time the two-cell embryos are formed, but many vacuoles remain in the non-yolky pole of the egg. A shell membrane of variable thickness is present around all uterine eggs but its origin remains undetermined.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: High-density polyethylene up to about 30% by weight was melt-mixed with polypropylene and short-glass-fiber-reinforced polypropylene. The presence of high-density polyethylene and glass fibers in the polypropylene matrix affects its crystallization characteristics, which were studied with the help of differential scanning calorimetry. The blend and composite samples have a large number of polypropylene domains apparently due to an abundance of surface nuclei; as a result, the tensile strength, tensile modulus, and toughness are enhanced. The temperature dependence of shear modulus and logarithmic decrement indicate that high-density polyethylene can have plasticizing effect below the glass transition temperature of polypropylene. The scanning electron micrographs of fractured ends show the presence of dispersed domains in the composite samples.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: thermoplastic elastomer ; carbocationic polymerization ; polyisobutylene ; living polymerization ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: New linear triblock thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) comprising a rubbery polyisobutylene (PIB) midblock flanked by two glassy endblocks of various styrenic polymers have been synthesized by living carbocationic polymerization by sequential monomer addition. First isobutylene (IB) was polymerized by a bifunctional tert-ether (dicumyl methyl ether) initiator in conjunction with TiCl4 coinitiator in CH3Cl/methylcyclohexane (MeCHx) (40/60 v/v) solvent mixtures at -80°C. After the living narrow molecular weight distribution PIB midblock ($\[\bar M_n\]$ = 1.1-1.2) has reached the desired molecular weight, the styrenic monomers together with an electron pair donor (ED) and a proton trap (di-tert-butylpyridine, DtBP) were added to start the blocking of the glassy segments from the living ⊕PIB⊕ chain ends. While p-methylstyrene (pMeSt), p-t-butylstyrene (ptBuSt) and indene (In) gave essentially 100% blocking to the corresponding glassy endblocks, the blocking of 2,4,6-trimethylstyrene (TMeSt) and α-methylstyrene (αMeSt) were ineffective. Uncontrolled initiation by protic impurities was prevented by the use of DtBP. In the simultaneous presence of DtBP and the strong ED N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA), TPEs with good mechanical properties (10-20 MPa tensile strength, 300-600% elongation) were prepared. The products exhibit a low and a high temperature Tg characteristic of phase separated rubbery and glassy domains. The service temperature of these new TPEs exceeds that of PSt-PIB-PSt triblock copolymers due to the higher Tgs (PpMeSt = 108, PptBuSt = 142 and PIn = 220-240°C) of the outer blocks. The Tg of the glassy blocks can be regulated by copolymerizing two styrene derivatives; a triblock copolymer with outer blocks of poly(pt-butylstyrene-co-indene) showed a single glassy transition Tg = +165°C, i.e., in between that of PptBuSt and PIn. Virgin TPEs have been repeatedly compression molded without deterioration of physical properties. The high melt flow index obtained with a TPE containing PptBuSt endblocks suggests superior processability relative to those with PSt end-blocks. The tensile strength retention at 60°C of the former TPE is far superior to that of a PSt-PIB-PSt triblock of similar composition.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: New linear and three-arm star thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) comprising a rubbery polysobutylene (PIB) midblock flanked by glass polystyrene (PSt) blocks have been synthesized by living carbocationic polymerization in the presence of select additives by sequential monomer addition. First, isobutylene (IB) was polymerized by bi- and trifunctional tert-ether (dicumyl- and tricumyl methoxy) initiators in conjunction with TiCl4 conintiator in CH3Cl/methylcyclohexane (MeCHx) (40/60 v/v) solvent mixtures at -80°C. After the living, narrow molecular weight, distribution PIB (M̄w/M̄n = 1.1-1.2) has reached the desired molecular weight, styrene (St) together with an electron pair donor (ED) and a proton trap (di-tert-butylpyridine, DtBP) were added to block PSt from the living chain ends. Uncontrolled initiation by protic impurities that produces PSt contamination is prevented by the use of DtBP. PSt-PIB-PSt blocks obtained in the absence of additives are contaminated by homopolymer and /or diblocks due to inefficient blocking and initiation by protic impurities, and exhibit poor physical properties. In contrast in the presence of the strong ED N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) and DtBP the blocking of St from living PIB chain occurs efficiently and block copolymers exhibiting good mechanical properties can be prepared. Virgin TPEs can be repeatedly compression molded without deterioration of physical properties. The products exhibit a low and a high temperature Tg characteristic of phase separated PIB and PSt domains. Transmission electron microscopy of linear triblocks containing ∼ 34 wt % PSt also indicates microphase separation and suggests PSt rods dispersed in a PIB matrix.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The living carbocationic polymerisation of styrene (St) has been investigated by the 2-chloro-2,4,4-trimethylpentane (TMPCI)/TiCl4 initiating system in the presence of various additives such as electron pair donors (EDs) and the proton trap 2,6-di-tert-butylpyridine (DtBP) by the use of the mixed solvent CH3Cl/methyl-cyclohexane (MCHx) (40/60 v/v) at -80°C under conventional laboratory conditions. The TMPCl/TiCl4 system in the absence of additives produces ill-defined bimodal molecular weight distribution (MWD) polymers. Much better defined polystyrenes (PSt) can be obtained in the presence of EDs, such as N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) and hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA). Monomer depletion should be avoided to prevent intra- or intermolecular alkylation yielding indanyl end groups or branched polymers, respectively. In the combined presence of an ED and the proton trap, i.e., DMA + DtBP, the living polymerization of St has been achieved and thus the foundations for the carbocationic synthesis of PSt block polymers by sequential monomer addition have been laid.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. 542-546 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Corrosion losses of zinc under direct and alternating current flow.Investigations have shown that zinc, as a pure bulk material as well as in the form of zinc coatings on earth contacts can be used for draining alternating current. There is no potential shift toward more positive values as e.g. in the case of magnesium under alternating current flow and the corrosion loss of zinc is increased negligibly. When using galvanized sheet iron earth contacts or zinc anodes for draining alternating current rare should be taken to avoid potential values more negative than - 1.5 V when additional cathodic protection is applied. Since zinc is an amphoteric metal, this would give rise to increase material losses because of the sodium hydroxide generated in such condition. The investigations have shown that at potentials, between - 1.1 and 1.5 V zinc loss is considerably reduced. When establishing the potential it should be considered that additional superposition of alternating current may cause the zinc potential to become more negative by approx. up to 0.1 V; this means that the potential should be selected between approx. - 1.3 and 1.4 V.
    Notes: Die Untersuchungen ergaben, daß Zink sowohl als Reinzink als auch als Verzinkung von Bandeisenerdern durchaus zur Ableitung von Wechselstrom eingesetzt werden kann. Eine durch Wechselstrom bedingte Verschiebung des Potentials in positiver Richtung, wie sie bei Magnesium auftritt, ist nicht gegeben. Bei Wechselstrombelastung wird die Abtragungsrate des Zinks nur unwesentlich erhöht.Allerdings ist beim Einsatz sowohl von verzinkten Bandeisenerdern als auch von Zinkanoden zur Ableitung von Wechselströmen darauf zu achten, daß bei zusätzlichem kathodischem Schutz keine Potentialwerte negativer als - 1,5 V eingestellt werden. Anderenfalls besteht die Möglichkeit, da es sich bei Zink um ein amphoteres Metall handelt, daß durch die dann entstehende Natronlauge ein erhöhter Materialabtrag stattfindet. Die Untersuchungen zeigen, daß bei Potentialwerten zwischen - 1,1 V bis - 1,5 V der Zinkabtrag erheblich vermindert wird. Bei Einstellung des Potentials muß berücksichtigt werden, daß durch die zusätzliche Wechselstrom-überlagerung das Zink-Potential bis etwa 0,1 V negativer werden kann, d. h. daß der Potentialwert nur auf ungefähr - 1,3 V bis - 1,4 V eingestellt werden sollte.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 34 (1983), S. 230-235 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: New methods for potential measurement without internal resistance (IR) in cathodic protection of underground pipelinesThe reliability of the cathodic protection depends on whether the potential measurement is free of errors or not. The main source of errors results from voltage drops in the soil. In the case of strongly fluctuating currents the true pipe-to-soil potential can be determined by measuring voltages above the pipe-line and extrapolating these values. This method supposes that the pipe coating has many holidays. The method is not applicable for well coated pipe-lines with the exception of such points where holidays are located.In the case of protected structures with locally different polarisation the off-potentials which normally indicate the true pipe-to-soil potentials can become erroneous due to voltage drops of compensating currents (cell current). Assuming an ideally same distribution of both the protection current and the compensating current the true pipe-to-soil potential can be calculated by measuring the on-and off-potentials and the voltage drop perpendicular to the pipe-line at the soil surface.These relationships can be experimentally verified with an electrolytic cell in the laboratory. In the field, however, deviations from identical distribution of the mentioned currents are possible due to interference of the potential fields of anodes and cathodes. the voltage drops due to compensating currents explain both possible corrosion damage in spite of sufficiently negative values of the off-potential and misinterpretation in the case of hot spot protection. From these results it can be shown that one cannot do away with external probes.
    Notes: Die Sicherheit des kathodischen Korrosionsschutzes ist von der Fehlerfreiheit der Potentialmessung abhängig. Hierbei kommen als Fehler vor allem Ohmsche Spannungsabfälle im Erdboden infrage. Bei stark veränderlichen Strömen kann aus Messungen des Spannungsabfalls über der Rohrleitung das wahre Rohr/Boden-Potential örtlich durch Extrapolation bestimmt werden, wenn die Rohrumhüllung verhältnismäßig viele Fehlstellen enthält. Das Verfahren ist sehr aufwendig und für gut umhüllte Rohrleitungen nicht anwendbar, wenn man von georteten Fehlstellen in der Umhüllung absieht.Bei stark unterschiedlich polarisierten Objekten können die sonst gut verwertbaren Ausschaltpotentiale durch Spannungsabfälle der Ausgleichsströme verfälscht sein. Für eine ideal gleiche Verteilung von Schutz-und Ausgleichsströmen läßt sich mit Hilfe der gemessenen Rohr/Boden-Potentiale und der Potentialdifferenzen senkrecht zur Rohrleitung bei ein- und ausgeschaltetem Schutzstrom das wahre Rohr/Boden-Potential errechnen. Durch Versuche im elektrolytischen Trog konnten diese Zusammenhänge experimentell bewiesen werden. In der Praxis können Abweichungen vom idealen Verhalten auftreten, wenn die Spannungstrichter von Anode und Kathode sich beeinflussen. Die durch Ausgleichsströme verursachten Spannungstrichter erklären mögliche Schäden trotz scheinbar ausreichender negativer Ausschaltpotentialwerte und Fehlaussagen beim Lokalen kathodischen Korrosionsschutz. Damit wird verdeutlicht, daß auf externe Meßproben nicht verzichtet werden kann.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 30 (1992), S. 931-942 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation in polymer melts ; relaxation of proton NMR processes in melts (theory) ; chain motions and NMR relaxation in melts ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A theoretical treatment of the nonexponential relaxation behavior of the different proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation processes in polymer melts is presented. Formulas are derived for a three-component model given by two versions and a homogeneous distribution of correlation times. The theoretical results were tested with measurements of T1, T2e, and T2 as functions of frequency and molecular mass in linear fractionated polyethylene samples. While the T1 relaxation always yields exponential magnetization decays, the T2e and T2 measurements show biexponential relaxation behavior. From the calculations it was found that the correlation time of the local motion is independent of the molecular mass, whereas the correlation time of the slowest motional process increases with M2.8w for the three-component model and with M2.2w for the distribution of correlation times, respectively. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: miscibility of polycarbonate blends ; domain size of acrylic and polycarbonate blends ; imaging analysis ; intramolecular interactions in copolymer ; 1H T1p (proton NMR relaxation time) ; Differential Scanning Calorimetry ; Transmission Electron Microscopy ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The miscibility of polycarbonate (PC) with poly(methyl methacrylate-co-cyclohexyl methacrylate) (PMCHM) and with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) was studied by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) 1H spin-lattice relaxation time in the rotating frame (1H T1p), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A blend of PC/PMCHM (50/50 wt/wt) with the acrylic component PMCHM, a copolymer of PMMA and poly(cyclohexyl methacrylate) (80/20 wt/wt), shows only one T1p value, which indicates high miscibility in this blend. A blend of PC/PMMA (50/50 wt/wt) shows two 1H T1p values, which are similar to those of the homopolymers PC and PMMA. These results indicate high immiscibility. The “domain size” calculated from NMR results of the miscible blend PC/PMCHM is approximately 40 Å. The results of DSC and TEM are similar to the NMR results. However, TEM results show the presence of 3% PC domains in the PC/PMCHM blend, which are not seen by NMR or DSC. Those PC domains are approximately 500 Å. A strong intramolecular repulsion in the copolymer PMCHM and specific intermolecular interactions between PC and PMMA may explain the miscibility in the PC/PMCHM system. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Molecular Reproduction and Development 32 (1992), S. 277-292 
    ISSN: 1040-452X
    Keywords: Oocyte maturation ; Sperm - egg interaction ; Sperm incorporation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Various morphological aspects of in vivo egg maturation and sperm - egg interaction were investigated in the Australian marsupial Sminthopsis crassicaudata with the transmission and scanning electron microscopes. Cortical granules invariably occurred in primary oocytes, with the number increasing after resumption of the first meiotic division. They generally occurred close to the oolemma, including the region near the oocyte nucleus. After mating, spermatozoa with intact acrosomes, which had a homogeneous electron-dense matrix, were found on the outer zona surface, but loss of acrosomal contents had occurred by the time of zona penetration. Sperm incorporation into the egg took place at the metaphase II stage of meiosis, and, at this time, cortical granules disappeared from the egg cortex. Sperm heads with condensed chromatin in the egg cytoplasm had an electron-dense layer of subacrosomal material over part of the dorsal nuclear surface, but no membranes were present around these incorporated spermatozoa. Sperm chromatin decondensation resulted in an elevation of egg cytoplasm, and the cell membrane over this area lacked microvilli. The pronuclear envelope was not laid down until after chromatin decondensation had occurred. By this time the fertilized egg had reached the uterus, and a smooth, electron-dense, shell membrane had been deposited. These observations, together with our previous findings, indicate that some of the processes of sperm - egg interaction are similar to those in eutherian mammals, whereas others appear highly divergent.
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