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  • Other Sources  (13)
  • 1990-1994  (7)
  • 1985-1989  (6)
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  • 1
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    ROCKETMAS: A sounding-rocket-based remote sensing measurement of mesospheric water vapor and ozone (1994)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The ROCKETMAS rocketborne technique, based on the shuttle-borne millimeter wave atmospheric sounder (MAS), to obtain water vapor and ozone measurements with vertical resolution, is described. The concentrations of mesospheric water vapor and ozone are not well known, yet both contribute significantly to the chemical and radiative structure of that region. In situ measurements of water vapor are difficult to make because water that was absorbed on the instrument surfaces outgasses in space and contaminates the local environment of the payload. However, a remote sensing technique that uses a long pathlength through the atmosphere greatly reduces the effect of such local contamination. The 183.3 GHz line of water vapor and 184.4 GHz line of ozone are good choices for spaceborne radiometer measurements because one front-end mixer assembly can be used to simultaneously observe both gases. The design of a sounding rocket based millimeter wave radiometer for measuring water vapor and ozone with a height resolution not possible by either ground based or limb sounding techniques is described.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: ESA, Proceedings of the 11th ESA Symposium on European Rocket and Balloon Programmes and Related Research; p 213-217
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  • 2
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    Middle atmosphere measurements of small-scale electron density irregularities and ion properties during the MAC/Epsilon campaign (1989)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Rocket payloads designed to measure small scale electron density irregularities and ion properties in the middle atmosphere were flown with each of the three main salvos of the MAC/Epsilon campaign conducted at the Andoya Rocket Range, Norway, during October to November 1987. Fixed bias, hemispheric nose tip probes measured small scale electron density irregularities, indicative of neutral air turbulence, during the rocket's ascent; and subsequently, parachute-borne Gerdien condensers measured the region's polar electrical conductivity, ion mobility and density. One rocket was launched during daylight (October 15, 1052:20 UT), and the other two launches occurred at night (October 21, 2134 UT: November 12, 0021:40 UT) under moderately disturbed conditions which enhanced the detection and measurement of turbulence structures. A preliminary analysis of the real time data displays indicates the presence of small scale electron density irregularities in the altitude range of 60 to 90 km. Ongoing data reduction will determine turbulence parameters and also the region's electrical properties below 90 km.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions, Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, volume 27; p 396-399
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 3
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    Middle-atmosphere positive ion measurements during solar eclipses (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Solar effects on middle-atmosphere electrical parameters, as demonstrated by eclipse-associated responses of conductivity, ion mobility, and charge density, are considered for the total solar eclipses at Red Lake, Ontario, Canada on February 26, 1979 and at San Marco range, Kenya, on February 16, 1980. Negative-conductivity measurements for the Canadian eclipse and probe-current measurements for the Kenyan eclipse demonstrate a rapid loss of free electrons below 80 km at totality. During the Kenyan eclipse, positive-ion responses were different for each of two distinct ion mobility groups. Between 45 and 60 km, eclipse-related positive-ion responses are associated with the low-mobility ions. It is shown that these ions are lost at totality and that an excess buildup occurs following totality. Above 70 km, positive-ion loss at totality is associated with the more mobile ions and only low-mobility positive ions are measured in this region. The buildup in total ion density following totality is thought to result from a reduction in ion loss associated with weak-electron recovery in the region.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Annales Geophysicae (ISSN 0755-0685); 3; 95-101
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  • 4
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    Electrodynamics payloads for small rockets (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Totally integrated design facilitates electrical cleanliness and light weight, which are necessary in subsonic parachute-borne payloads for electrodynamics investigations. 'Blunt' probes measure ion conductivity, as do Gerdien condensers. Recent finite-element computer analyses combining flow and electrodynamics have resolved problems in determining ion densities and mobilities from Gerdien data. Three-axis electric fields are measured with deployable boom-mounted electrodes from dc through VLF. Splitting the cylindrical payload with an insulator and measuring the current between halves has provided a vertical Maxwell current detector mechanically rigid enough to measure, at ELF, energy related to coupling. A nose tip 'Smith' probe turbulence measurement is usually performed on ascent. Other instrumentation, such as photo-ionization sources and X-ray detectors, can also be included. These electrodynamic measurement payloads are about one meter in length and have a mass of about 9 kg. They can be launched with an Orion-class or smaller vehicle.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT INSTRUMENTATION
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 12; 10
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  • 5
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    Studies of high latitude mesospheric turbulence by radar and rocket. II - Measurements of small scale turbulence (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Measurements of mesospheric small scale turbulence and associated larger scale wave structures were obtained from rocket probe flights during equinox in spring 1985. The measurements were verified by data from the mesosphere-stratosphere-troposphere radar at Poker Flat, Alaska. Electron density irregularities down to an altitude of about 62 km and fluctuations in positive ion density in the altitude region from 50 to 90 km were measured. Turbulence in the inertial subrange was observed at heights where the fluctuations generally were largest. Measurement of background electron density exhibited gradients relative to the monotonically increasing density profile, suggesting the presence of large amplitude wave motions transporting the plasma by mixing. The radar detected the occurrence of 1-3 km wavelike perturbations superimposed on a 7-km wave in the wind velocity field. It is suggested that the 1-3 km waves are more important in the transport of energy and momentum and in the production of turbulence in the lower mesosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics (ISSN 0021-9169); 50; 963-976
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  • 6
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    Ion properties of the high-latitude middle-atmosphere (1994)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Investigations of high-latitude, middle-atmosphere ion properties have been conducted using rocket probe techniques. Electrodynamics studies have addressed: mesospheric dynamics and small-scale structure (the MAC/EPSILON Campaign during October-November 1977); ionization effects associated with highly energetic greater than or equal to 1 MeV) precipitating electrons (the MAC/REP Program during May 1990); and the characteristics of noctilucent cloud (NLC) and polar mesosphere summer echo (PMSE) regions (the NLC-91 Campaign during July-August 1991). Recent developments in Gerdien condenser probe theory, using computational fluid dynamics to model ion collection, have resulted in more accurate evaluation of the ion mobilities and number densities. Measurements of very small ion mobilities are thought to indicate an aerosol ion presence in the upper mesosphere.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 14; 9; p. (9)165-(9)168
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  • 7
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    Electrodynamic response of the middle atmosphere to auroral pulsations (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The MAC/EPSILON observational campaign encompassed the use of two Nike Orion rocket payloads which studied the effects of auroral energetics on the middle atmosphere. While one payload was launched during the recovery phase of a moderate magnetic substorm, during fairly stable auroral conditions, the other was launched during highly active postbreakup conditions during which Pc5 pulsations were in progress. The energetic radiation of the first event was composed almost entirely of relativistic electrons below 200 keV, while that of the second was dominated by much softer electrons whose high X-ray fluxes exceeded the cosmic ray background as an ionizing source down to below 30 km.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics (ISSN 0021-9169); 52; 1067-108
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  • 8
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    Electric field measurements during the MAC/EPSILON campaign (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The MAC/EPSILON observational campaign in northern Norway involved the taking of three-axis electric field measurements of the middle atmosphere by means of five rocketborne payloads during October and November, 1987. Simultaneous horizontal electric field measurements made by two of the rocket flights were in general agreement in their limited overlap region. The more extensive horizontal E-field measurements exhibited a decreasing mapping function with decreasing altitude, thereby indicating the presence of fields from a local auroral patch. Small-scale variations in the horizontal fields of the lights were similar to observed wavelike variations in the neutral wind field.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics (ISSN 0021-9169); 52; 1055-106
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  • 9
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    Electrical stratification in the middle atmosphere (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Stratification of the electrical structure of the middle atmosphere (MA) has been observed under a wide range of conditions. 'Ledges' in charged particle density at the bottom of Chapman-like layers are accentuated in conductivity profiles due to the atmospheric density gradient's effect on mobility, but the steepest gradients yet observed occurred in conjunction with the horizontal magnetic field at the equator. High-latitude conductivity ledges are produced by steeply declining energy distributions. Measurements in a noctilucent cloud showed that the free electrons essentially vanished (presumably due to attachment to cloud particles) but the positive ion conductivity remained virtually unchanged.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 10; 10 1
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  • 10
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    Middle atmosphere electrical structure during MAC/EPSILON (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Extensive use of rocket-launched probes during the the MAC/EPSILON campaign at the Andoya Rocket Range, Norway, has enabled the characterization of the region's electrical environment for all four flight series. The first rocket salvo was conducted during daylight (October 15, 1987) and the subsequent three occurred at night (October 21 and 28 and November 12, 1987), all of them during geomagnetically disturbed conditions. Measurements of polar electrical conductivity, ion mobility, and number density are presented, and their associated structure is investigated for local auroral ionization effects. This is believed to be the first time that Gerdien condenser mobility measurements have indicated a heavy-ion presence (positively charged aerosols) in the auroral mesopause region.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics (ISSN 0021-9169); 52; 1095-110
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