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  • GEOPHYSICS  (11)
  • SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE  (5)
  • 1990-1994  (6)
  • 1985-1989  (10)
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Year
  • 1
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    Topside observation of gravity waves (1994)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The AEPI (Atmospheric Emissions Photometric Imager) experiment on the ATLAS-1 shuttle mission (launched March 24, 1992) imaged the earth night airglow emission in O2 Atmospheric (0,0) bands, at 762.0 nm. Earthward views of O2 A bands show structure from gravity waves which exhibit extended horizontal structure with horizontal wavelenghts on the order of 50-100 km. These observations of the O2 A (0,0) bands are particularly interesting since in this wavelength the lower atmosphere absorbs all the earth-reflected emissions and most of the spectrally diffuse backgrounds. Herein we present observations of gravity waves using a topside airglow imaging technique.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 21; 21; p. 2283-2286
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  • 2
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    Spectral characteristics of Shuttle glow (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The glowing cloud near the ram surfaces of the Space Shuttle was observed with a hand-held, intensified spectrograph operated by the astronauts from the aft-flight-deck of the Space Shuttle. The spectral measurements were made between 400 and 800 nm with a resolution of 3 nm. Analysis of the spectral response of the instrument and the transmission of the Shuttle window was performed on orbit using earth-airglow OH Meinel bands. This analysis resulted in a correction of the Shuttle glow intensity in the spectral region between 700 and 800 nm. The data presented in this report is in better agreement with laboratory measurements of the NO2 continuum.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 19; 12, J
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  • 3
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    The effect of temperature on Shuttle glow (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The glow on ram surfaces of the Space Shuttle has been reported from a series of photographic observations made during several orbiter missions. These measurements have shown that the spectrum of the glow is a continuum, has a spectral peak at 680 nm, and the brightness decreases with altitude. The spectrum has been tentatively identified as the nitrogen dioxide continuum and follows the interaction of adsorbed nitric oxide with ramming atmospheric oxygen. In this paper the variation of the glow brightness among several different Shuttle flights is reexamined and it is shown that a major contributing factor to glow brightness is probably the temperature of the rammed surface. The derived temperature dependence is also consistent with the Atmospheric Explorer-C satellite 'red' glow intensity data.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 323; 519
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  • 4
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    Ram vehicle glow spectrum - Implication of NO2 recombination continuum (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An experiment was operated on several Space Shuttle missions to provide spatial and spectral distributions of a ram glow associated with the Orbiter. The most recent data featured resolved spectrum and imagery of the glow with spectroscopic resolution of 34 A FWHM between 4000 and 8000 A. The spectrum of the glow on the Shuttle tail pod could be clearly separated from spectrum of the reflected light from the Orbiter. Analysis and comparison have been performed which strongly suggest the emission originates from recombination continuum of NO2. Both fast recombination (high temperature) and the spectral dependence in lifetime can describe the spectral difference. If the recombined NO2 retains 25 percent of the kinetic energy of the ram OI, the thickness of the glow layer can be explained by the lifetime of NO2 (2B1) recombination emission.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 12; 97-100
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  • 5
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    Report from upper atmospheric science (1989)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Most of the understanding of the thermosphere resulted from the analysis of data accrued through the Atmosphere Explorer satellites, the Dynamics Explorer 2 satellite, and observations from rockets, balloons, and ground based instruments. However, new questions were posed by the data that have not yet been answered. The mesosphere and lower thermosphere have been less thoroughly studied because of the difficulty of accessibility on a global scale, and many rather fundamental characteristics of these regions are not well understood. A wide variety of measurement platforms can be used to implement various parts of a measurement strategy, but the major thrusts of the International Solar Terrestrial Physics Program would require Explorer-class missions. A remote sensing mission to explore the mesosphere and lower thermosphere and one and two Explorer-type spacecraft to enable a mission into the thermosphere itself would provide the essential components of a productive program of exploration of this important region of the upper atomsphere. Theoretical mission options are explored.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Marshall Space Flight Center, Solar-Terrestrial Science Strategy Workshop; p 9-13
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 6
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    Spacecraft ram glow and surface temperature (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Space shuttle glow intensity measurements show large differences when the data from different missions are compared. In particular, on the 41-G mission the space shuttle ram glow was observed to display an unusually low intensity. Subsequent investigation of this measurement and earlier measurements suggest that there was a significant difference in temperature of the glow producing ram surfaces. The highly insulating properties coupled with the high emissivity of the shuttle tile results in surfaces that cool quickly when exposed to deep space on the night side of the orbit. The increased glow intensity is consistent with the hypothesis that the glow is emitted from excited NO2. The excited NO2 is likely formed through three body recombination (OI + NO + M = NO2*) where ramming of OI interacts with weakly surface bound NO. The NO is formed from atmospheric OI and NI which is scavenged by the spacecraft moving through the atmosphere. It is postulated that the colder surfaces retain a thicker layer of NO thereby increasing the probability of the reaction. It has been found from the glow intensity/temperature data that the bond energy of the surface bound precursor, leading to the chemical recombination producing the glow, is approximately 0.14 eV. A thermal analysis of material samples of STS-8 was made and the postulated temperature change of individual material samples prior to the time of glow measurements above respective samples are consistent with the thermal effect on glow found for the orbiter surface.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Jet Propulsion Lab., Proceedings of the NASA Workshop on Atomic Oxygen Effects; p 169
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  • 7
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    Space vehicle glow measurements on STS 41-D (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets (ISSN 0022-4650); 23; 189-193
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  • 8
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    Observations of E and F region Mg(+) from Spacelab 1 (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Images of airglow at 2800 A were taken on the Spacelab 1 Shuttle mission and have been interpreted to be solar resonant emission of magnesium ions. On two orbital passes, observations were made near the magnetic equator while observing in the 2800-A channel. The observations were made near the sunset terminator (approximately 1800 LT), in winter (1983, day 335). Three separate emission clouds were observed, all of which extended well into the F region. The location of the clouds in horizontal space is shown. The processed images have been pseudocolored to highlight the intensity distribution in the clouds. Observations included clouds with apparent magnetic-field aligned striations. Bright emissions were observed at the magnetic equator, at 12-deg north magnetic latitude, and at 12-deg south magnentic latitude. Cloud-center brightnesses varied between 680 rayleighs and 1700 rayleighs.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 90; 6667-667
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  • 9
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    Radar and photometric measurements of an intense type A red aurora (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: On the evening of March 5, 1981, an intense, type A red aurora appeared over southern Alaska. Radar and photometric measurements were made of the aurora from the Chatanika radar site. The line of sight intensity of the 630.0-nm emissions exceeded 150 kR and was accompanied by enhanced emissions at 486.1 and 427.8 nm. The Chatanika radar measured electron densities of 10 to the 6th per cu cm and electron temperatures of 6000 K at an altitude of 400 km and an invariant latitude of 59 deg in association with the aurora. Comparison of optical and radar measurements indicated that the 630.0-nm emissions were produced to a large degree by thermal excitation of O(1D) in the region of high electron temperatures and densities. Model calculations indicate that the observed density and temperature enhancements and the related optical emissions were the results of a relatively short duration (5-10 min) pulse of precipitating, low-energy (about 30 eV) electrons. Whereas conventional stable auroral red arcs are associated with a gradual decrease in ring current energy density during the recovery phase of a magnetic storm, the type A red aurora may be produced by impulsive ring current energy loss during the main phase.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 90; 457-466
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  • 10
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    Dynamics of the CRRES barium releases in the magnetosphere (1994)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite (CRRES) G-2, G-3, and G-4 ionized and neutral barium cloud positions are triangulated from ground-based optical data. From the time history of the ionized cloud motion perpendicular to the magnetic field, the late time coupling of the ionized cloud with the collisionless ambient plasma in the magnetosphere is investigated for each of the releases. The coupling of the ionized clouds with the ambient medium is quantitatively consistent with predictions from theory in that the coupling time increases with increasing distance from the Earth. Quantitative comparison with simple theory for the couping time also yields reasonable agreement. Other effects not predicted by the theory are discussed in the context of the observations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 99; A9; p. 17,379-17,389
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