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  • 1
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    Delay of gratification in children (1989)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989-05-26
    Description: To function effectively, individuals must voluntarily postpone immediate gratification and persist in goal-directed behavior for the sake of later outcomes. The present research program analyzed the nature of this type of future-oriented self-control and the psychological processes that underlie it. Enduring individual differences in self-control were found as early as the preschool years. Those 4-year-old children who delayed gratification longer in certain laboratory situations developed into more cognitively and socially competent adolescents, achieving higher scholastic performance and coping better with frustration and stress. Experiments in the same research program also identified specific cognitive and attentional processes that allow effective self-regulation early in the course of development. The experimental results, in turn, specified the particular types of preschool delay situations diagnostic for predicting aspects of cognitive and social competence later in life.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mischel, W -- Shoda, Y -- Rodriguez, M I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1989 May 26;244(4907):933-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York 10027〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2658056" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Psychological ; Attention ; Child ; *Child Development ; Child, Preschool ; *Cognition ; Female ; *Frustration ; Humans ; *Individuality ; Male ; Reward ; Social Adjustment
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Identification of a whitefly species by genomic and behavioral studies (1993)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-01-01
    Description: An introduced whitefly species, responsible for over a half billion dollars in damage to U.S. agricultural production in 1991, is morphologically indistinguishable from Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius). However, with the use of polymerase chain reaction-based DNA differentiation tests, allozymic frequency analyses, crossing experiments, and mating behavior studies, the introduced whitefly is found to be a distinct species. Recognition of this new species, the silverleaf whitefly, is critical in the search for management options.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Perring, T M -- Cooper, A D -- Rodriguez, R J -- Farrar, C A -- Bellows, T S Jr -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Jan 1;259(5091):74-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside 92521.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8418497" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Crosses, Genetic ; DNA/genetics ; Diptera/*classification/genetics/*physiology ; Enzymes/genetics ; Female ; Genetic Linkage ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Heterogeneous conversion of N2O5 to HNO3 in the post-Mount Pinatubo eruption stratosphere (1994)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Simultaneous stratospheric volume mixing ration (VMR) profiles of dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) and nitric acid (HNO3) at sunrise between 25 deg N and 15 deg S latitude and profiles of HNO3 at sunset between 42 deg S and 53 deg S latitude have been derived from 0.01/cm resolution infrared solar occultation spectra recorded 9.5 months after the massive eruption of the Mount Pinatubo volcano in the Philippine Islands. The measurements were obtained by the atmospheric trace molecule spectroscopy (ATMOS) Fourier transform spectrometer during the ATLAS 1 shuttle mission (March 24 to April 2, 1992). The measured HNO3 VMRs are higher at all altitudes and latitudes than corresponding values measured by the limb infrared monitor of the stratosphere (LIMS) instrument during the same season in 1979, when the aerosol loading was near background levels. The largest relative increase in the HNO3 VMR occurred near the equator at 30-km altitude, where the ATMOS/ATLAS 1 values are about a factor of 2 higher than the LIMS measurements. Two-dimensional model calculations show that the increase in HNO3 and the ATMOS/ATLAS 1 measurement of a steep decrease in the N2O5 VMR below 30 km can be explained by the enhanced conversion of N2O5 to HNO3 on the surfaces of the Mount Pinatubo sulfate aerosols. Our profile results demonstrate the global impact of the N2O5 + H2O yields 2HNO3 heterogeneous reaction in altering the partitioning of stratospheric odd nitrogen after a major volcanic eruption.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 99; D4; p. 8213-8219
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  • 4
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    Antarctic ozone - Meteoric control of HNO3 (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Atmospheric circulation leads to an accumulation of debris from meteors in the Antarctic stratosphere at the beginning of austral spring. The major component of meteoric material is alkaline, comprised predominantly of the oxides of magnesium and iron. These metals may neutralize the natural acidity of stratospheric aerosols, remove nitric acid from the gas phase, and bond it as metal nitrates in the aerosol phase. Removal of nitric acid vapor has been previously shown to be a critical link in the photochemical depletion of ozone in the Antarctic spring, by allowing for increased catalytic loss from chlorine and bromine.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 15; 1-4
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  • 5
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    Nitrogen and chlorine species in the spring Antarctic stratosphere - Comparison of models with Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment observations (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The concentrations and the time development of chlorine and nitrogen trace gases in the Antarctic stratosphere before, during, and after the Airborne Antractic Ozone Experiment (AAOE) were simulated using photochemical models of the Antractic stratosphere during winter/spring. The initial conditions in the calculations were constrained using observations by the AAOE instrument. The comparison of calculated results with the AAOE measurements of HCl and ClO suggest that heterogeneous chemistry was maintained throughout the month of September 1987.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 94; 16683-16
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  • 6
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    Photochemical modeling of the Antarctic stratosphere: Observational constraints from the airborne Antarctic ozone experiment and implications for ozone behavior (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The rapid decrease in O3 column densities observed during Antarctic spring has been attributed to several chemical mechanisms involving nitrogen, bromine, or chlorine species, to dynamical mechanisms, or to a combination of the above. Chlorine-related theories, in particular, predict greatly elevated concentrations of ClO and OClO and suppressed abundances of NO2 below 22 km. The heterogeneous reactions and phase transitions proposed by these theories could also impact the concentrations of HCl, ClNO3 and HNO3 in this region. Observations of the above species have been carried out from the ground by the National Ozone Expedition (NOZE-I, 1986, and NOZE-II, 1987), and from aircrafts by the Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment (AAOE) during the austral spring of 1987. Observations of aerosol concentrations, size distribution and backscattering ratio from AAOE, and of aerosol extinction coefficients from the SAM-II satellite can also be used to deduce the altitude and temporal behavior of surfaces which catalyze heterogeneous mechanisms. All these observations provide important constraints on the photochemical processes suggested for the spring Antarctic stratosphere. Results are presented for the concentrations and time development of key trace gases in the Antarctic stratosphere, utilizing the AER photochemical model. This model includes complete gas-phase photochemistry, as well as heterogeneous reactions. Heterogeneous chemistry is parameterized in terms of surface concentrations of aerosols, collision frequencies between gas molecules and aerosol surfaces, concentrations of HCl/H2O in the frozen particles, and probability of reaction per collision (gamma). Values of gamma are taken from the latest laboratory measurements. The heterogeneous chemistry and phase transitions are assumed to occur between 12 and 22 km. The behavior of trace species at higher altitudes is calculated by the AER 2-D model without heterogeneous chemistry. Calculations are performed for solar illumination conditions typical of 60, 70, and 80 S, from July 15 to October 31.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Polar Ozone Workshop. Abstracts; p 173-175
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  • 7
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    Stratospheric processes: Observations and interpretation (1991)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Explaining the observed ozone trends discussed in an earlier update and predicting future trends requires an understanding of the stratospheric processes that affect ozone. Stratospheric processes occur on both large and small spatial scales and over both long and short periods of time. Because these diverse processes interact with each other, only in rare cases can individual processes be studied by direct observation. Generally the cause and effect relationships for ozone changes were established by comparisons between observations and model simulations. Increasingly, these comparisons rely on the developing, observed relationships among trace gases and dynamical quantities to initialize and constrain the simulations. The goal of this discussion of stratospheric processes is to describe the causes for the observed ozone trends as they are currently understood. At present, we understand with considerable confidence the stratospheric processes responsible for the Antarctic ozone hole but are only beginning to understand the causes of the ozone trends at middle latitudes. Even though the causes of the ozone trends at middle latitudes were not clearly determined, it is likely that they, just as those over Antarctica, involved chlorine and bromine chemistry that was enhanced by heterogeneous processes. This discussion generally presents only an update of the observations that have occurred for stratospheric processes since the last assessment (World Meteorological Organization (WMO), 1990), and is not a complete review of all the new information about stratospheric processes. It begins with an update of the previous assessment of polar stratospheres (WMO, 1990), followed by a discussion on the possible causes for the ozone trends at middle latitudes and on the effects of bromine and of volcanoes.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: NASA, Washington, Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1991; 21 p
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  • 8
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    Antarctic ozone decrease: Possible impact on the seasonal and latitudinal distribution of total ozone as simulated by a 2-D model (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Satellite borne instruments, the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) and the Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet spectrometer (SBUV), show that total column ozone has decreased by more than 5 percent in the neighborhood of 60 S at all seasons since 1979. This is considerably larger than the decrease calculated by 2-D models which take into account solar flux variation and increases of trace gas concentrations over the same period. The meteorological conditions (warmer temperature and the apparent lack of polar stratospheric clouds) at these latitudes do not seem to favor heterogeneous chemistry as the direct cause for the observed ozone reduction. A mechanism involving the seasonal transport of ozone-poor air mass from within the polar vortex to lower latitudes (the so-called dilution effect) is proposed as a possible explanation for the observed year-round ozone reduction in regions away from the vortex.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Polar Ozone Workshop. Abstracts; p 214-215
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  • 9
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    Role of heterogeneous conversion of N2O5 on sulphate aerosols in global ozone losses (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The reaction rate of N2O5 on sulphate aerosols is included in a model to predict global ozone loss and the column abundances of atmospheric gases. Because the reaction of N2O5 and the aerosols can take place in the stratospheric sulphate aerosol layer, it is included in the 2D model so that the results can be compared to abundances derived from satellite data and ground-based measurements. The N2O5/sulphate reaction is the only heterogeneous reaction in the model, in which aerosol loading is assumed to be constant and only diurnal values are examined. The decadal ozone trends resulting from calculations based on the model are found to be closer to the observed values. An important conclusion is that measurements of OH, ClO, HNO3, NO, and NO2 in the region of about 14-25 km are needed to examine significant changes in their abundances resulting from the inclusion of the N2O5/sulphate aerosol reaction.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 352; 134-137
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  • 10
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    Field-aligned dynamics of chemically induced perturbations to the ionosphere (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Ionospheric modification using photochemically reactive vapors is studied with a one-dimensional, multiion, fluid model of plasma flow along magnetic field lines. The magnitudes of ion and electron density changes are determined by considering both chemical processes (i.e., photoionization, ion-molecule reactions, dissociative recombination, electron attachment) and transport processes (i.e., multispecies diffusion, electric currents, ambipolar electric fields). The numerical treatment in the model is not specific to any type of release or any interaction chemistry. It has been used to simulate releases of Ba, CO2, and CF3Br in the ionosphere, but generalization to other species may be easily accomplished. The results of the calculations are found to be in good agreement with experimental observations. The feasibility of modifying the parallel current paths in the auroral F region is examined.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 96; 13
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