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  • 1
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A transparent poly (ether urethane) (PEU) was considered for use as a foldable intraocular lens material. The PEU was found to possess excellent mechanical, optical, and surface characteristics for this application. In uitro hydrolytic and ultraviolet aging studies suggested the PEU to be tolerant to conditions simulating 3-10 years of normal intraocular exposure. Different behavior was obtained, however, from intraocular and subcutaneous implantation of the PEU. After 6 months of intraocular exposure in the feline model, prototype PEU lenses had lost most or all of their optical resolving power. SEM analysis demonstrated scattered pitting and cracking on the lens surfaces. Degradation was found to be more extreme after as little as 30 days of subcutaneous exposure in rabbits. Severe pitting over the entire surface of implanted flat PEU specimens was observed by SEM. Macroscopic examination showed the samples to be frosty in appearance. It was postulated that the subcutaneous implant environment provides an accelerated in uivo model for materials intended for intraocular use. A minimum acceleration of 6-10X was estimated on a preliminary basis. The PEU studied here was found to be unsuitable for use as a foldable intraocular lens material.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 37 (1986), S. 437-443 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Carburization of high-temperature materials - Part II: Experimental testing of the computer aided description of inward diffusion and precipitationIn part I of this study a calculation method was presented which permits the computation of carburization processes which involve simultaneous precipitation of carbides. In the present study, this model is confirmed by measurements of carburization kinetics of two model alloys Ni 10 Cr and Ni 25 Cr with the help of thermogravimetric methods. The experiments were carried out in the temperature range from 850°C to 950°C in an atmosphere of H2 with 1.14 Vol.% CH4. The dependence of the solubility and the carbon diffusion coefficient on temperature in the above alloys were determined and the stabilities of the forming carbides adapted. Satisfactory agreement between calculation and experiment is found on the basis of metallographically determined volume fraction, the progress of the precipitation front of the carbides, the remaining chrome concentration of the alloy matrix and the weight gain per unit surface area.
    Notes: Mit Hilfe thermogravimetrischer Untersuchungen der Aufkohlungskinetik der beiden Modellegierungen Ni 10 Cr und Ni 25 Cr wird die Anwendbarkeit der in Teil I entwickelten Rechenmethode zur Beschreibung der Aufkohlung bei gleichzeitiger Ausscheidung von Karbiden bestätigt. Die Versuche erfolgen im Temperaturbereich von 850°C bis 950°C in H2 + 1,14 Vol.-% CH4. Die Temperaturabhängigkeit der maximalen Löslichkeit und des Diffusionskoeffizienten des Kohlenstoffs in diesen Legierungen werden ermittelt, die Stabilitäten der auftretenden Karbide angepaßt. Die Übereinstimmung von Rechnung und Experiment wird anhand des metallographisch ermittelten Volumenbruchteils, der Lage der Ausscheidungsfronten der Karbide, des Restgehaltes an Chrom in der Legierungsmatrix und der flächennormierten Gewichtszunahme überprüft.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Carburization of high-temperature materials - Part I: Mathematical model description of the penetration and simultaneous precipitation of a compound of the diffusing elementMetallic materials often exhibit a change in structure in high temperature applications caused by the penetration of a foreign element and the precipitation of compounds of this element. This change in structure influences the mechanical properties and may be the life-time-limiting factor. The kinetics of this process can be described by a simple time law only in the case, where certain restrictive conditions are given - for instance an extremely small solubility product for the forming compound. In this work a computation method is presented, which allows a calculation of the reaction progress under more general conditions. The method is based on the solution of differential equations by the use of the finite difference technique. The basic relations are derived from considerations of the processes of diffusion, precipitation and transformation for the case of carburization. The difference between the numerical result and the analytical solution is demonstrated in an example with restrictive conditions, and the possibilities for applications of the method are discussed.
    Notes: Metallische Werkstoffe erfahren häufig beim Hochtemperatureinsatz eine Gefügeänderung durch die Eindiffusion eines Fremdelementes mit einer Ausscheidung von Verbindungen dieses Elementes mit einem Legierungsbestandteil (z.B. innere Oxidation, innere Nitrid-, innere Sulfidbildung). Diese Gefügeänderung beeinflußt die mechanischen Eigenschaften und stellt unter Umständen den lebensdauerbegrenzenden Faktor dar. Die Kinetik des Vorganges kann nur dann durch ein einfaches Zeitgesetz beschrieben werden, wenn relativ spezielle Voraussetzungen erfüllt sind, beispielsweise, wenn das Löslichkeitsproudukt der sich bildenden Verbindungen sehr klein ist. In dieser Arbeit wird ein Rechenverfahren vorgestellt, welches eine Berechnung des Reaktionsablaufes unter allgemeinen Bedingungen ermöglicht. Die Methode beruht auf der Lösung von Differentialgleichungen mittels finiter Differenzen. Die zugrundeliegenden Beziehungen werden aus der Betrachtung der Vorgänge der Diffusion, Ausscheidung und Umwandlung für den Fall der Aufkohlung abgeleitet. Anhand eines speziellen Beispieles wir der Unterschied zur analytischen Beschreibung für den Fall mit eingeschränkten Voraussetzungen demonstriert und Anwendungsmöglichkeiten des Verfahrens diskutiert.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 64 (1992), S. 431-432 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 64 (1992), S. 889-898 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Bei der Herstellung von Chemieprodukten fallen im Produktionsprozeß häufig Stoffe an, die vom Produzenten nicht angestrebt werden. Sie werden als Rückstände oder Reststoffe bezeichnet. Die Minimierung dieser Stoffe ist Bestandteil des unternehmerischen Umweltschutzes. Am Beispiel der chemischen Industrie wird gezeigt, wie diese ökologische Zielsetzung mit dem Konzept des produktionsintegrierten Umweltschutzes erreicht wird, welche technischen Maßnahmen dazu durchgeführt werden, zu welchem Ergebnis diese führen und welche Grenzen sich hierbei ergeben. Die damit verbundene Kostensituation wird ebenfalls dargestellt.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The kinetics of gas-phase electron transfer reactions for a variety of metal-containing reactants have been studied by using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Classes of ion/molecule processes studied include both self-exchange (thermoneutral) and exoergic cross reactions. The molecules investigated include metallocenes and octahedral coordination complexes of the transition elements. In a few cases, direct comparisons of condensed-phase and gas-phase reactivities can be made. The experiments with octahedral coordination complexes are the first studies of Werner-type metal complexes in electron-transfer reactions in the gas phase. Simple theoretical models involving unimolecular rate theory, classical reorganization barriers, and quantum mechanical approaches are used to rationalize the dependence of the overall rates of these reactions on the molecular properties of the reactants. In particular, the role of Franck-Condon factors in charge-transfer reactions is examined, and theoretically estimated factors are compared with experiment for a typical metallocene, ferrocene.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 118 (1985), S. 1176-1182 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis and Structure of a Highly Substituted Tetracyclo[3.3.0.02,8.04,6]octane (Nortriasterane)The 4,8-dibromobicyclo[3.3.0]octa-2,6-diene-2,6-dicarbonitrile 2 reacts with sodium methoxide in methanol quantitatively and with complete stereoselectivity to afford the nortriasteranedicarbonitrile 5. This dinitrile crystallizes triclinically in the space group P1 with two enantiomorphous molecules per cell. Some geometric parameters involving the cyclopropane rings and the mechanism of formation of 5 are discussed.
    Notes: Das 4,8-Dibrombicyclo[3.3.0]octa-2,6-dien-2,6-dicarbonitril 2 reagiert mit Natriummethanolat in Methanol quantitativ und vollständig stereoselektiv zum Nortriasterandicarbonitril 5. Dieses kristallisiert triklin in der Raumgruppe P1 mit zwei enantiomorphen Molekülen in der Elementarzelle. Einige geometrische Parameter der Cyclopropanringe und der Bildungsmechanismus von 5 werden diskutiert.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 118 (1985), S. 1154-1175 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis, Structure, and Thermal Rearrangements of 2,6-Dicyano-1,5-dimethylsemibullvaleneThe zinc iodide-catalyzed addition of trimethylsilyl cyanide to the bicyclo[3.3.0]octane-2,6-dione 9 yields the sterically defined O-silylated cyanohydrine 10. Trichlorophosphane oxide in pyridine converts the latter to the unsaturated dinitrile 11. Bromination of 11 using N-bromosuccinimide affords the exo, exo-dibromodinitrile 13. The latter is debrominated by zinc/copper to the dicyanosemibullvalene 4a while the dehydrobromination with potassium tert-butoxide in tert-butyl alcohol yields the bromodicyanosemibullvalene 14. All reactions proceed smoothly giving high yields. Using 14, which exists as a single valence tautomer, as a model of a non-rearranging valence tautomer of 4a the barrier for the degenerate Cope rearrangement of 4a is estimated from the broadening of the 13C NMR signals to be †G115≠ = 13 kJ mol-1. At 130°C in [D6]benzene, 4a isomerizes to the cyclooctatetraene 16 with a first order rate constant of k = 3.0 10-5 s-1. The semibullvalene 4a, crystallizes monoclinically in the space group P21/n (No. 14) with four molecules in the unit cell. Selected geometric parameters of 4a are compared to those of cyanosubstituted cyclopropane derivatives and other semibullvalenes.
    Notes: Zinkiodid-katalysierte Addition von Trimethylsilylcyanid an das Bicyclo [3.3.0]octan-2,6-dion 9 ergibt das sterisch einheitliche O-silylierte Cyanhydrin 10, das mit Trichlorphosphanoxid in Pyridin zum ungesättigten Dinitril 11 umgesetzt wird. Dessen Bromierung mit N-Bromsuccinimid liefert das exo, exo-Dibromdinitril 13. Debromierung von 13 mit Zink/Kupfer ergibt das Dicyansemibullvalen 4a, während die Dehydrobromierung von 13 mit Kalium-tert-butylat in tert-Butylakohol zum Bromdicyansemibullvalen 14 führt. Alle Reaktionen verlaufen sehr glatt und ergeben hohe Ausbeuten. Unter Verwendung von 14, das als ein Valenztautomeres vorliegt, als Modell eines nicht-umlagernden Valenztautomeren von 4a wird aus der Signalverbreiterung im 13C-NMR-Spektrum die Aktivierungsbarriere der entarteten Cope-Umlagerung von 4a zu ΔG115≠ = 13 kJ mol-1 bestimmt. Bei 130°C isomerisiert 4a in [D6]Benzol mit k = 3.0 10-5 s-1 zum Cyclooctatetraen 16. Das Dicyansemibullvalen 4a kristallisiert monoklin in der Raumgruppe P21/n (Nr. 14) mit vier Molekülen in der Elementarzelle. Ausgewählte geometrische Parameter von 4a werden mit denen cyansubstituierter Cyclopropanderivate und anderer Semibullvalene verglichen.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 121 (1988), S. 131-141 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Stereochemistry of the Hydrocyanation of 1,5-Dimethylbicyclo-[3.3.0]octanones and -octenones1)1,4-Hydrocyanation of the α,β-unsaturated 1,5-dimethylbicyclo-[3.3.0]octenones C2-7, Cs-7, 8, and 9 by means of diethylaluminium cyanide occurred diastereoselectively affording the exo β-cyanoketones 12, 14, 10, and exo-11, respectively. Only 9 gave small amounts of the endo β-cyanoketone, e. g. endo-11, in addition to the exo product. The configurations of 10, exo-11, and 12 were established by X-ray diffraction analysis. The diketone 4 added trimethylsilyl cyanide only from the exo side (→ exo,exo-16) under catalysis by zinc iodide. In contrast, both the trimethylsilyl triflate catalyzed and the potassium cyanide/18-crown-6 catalyzed addition of trimethylsilyl cyanide to the diketone 5 (→15) and the β-cyanoketones 10 (→ 17), exo-11 (→18), and 12 (→20) furnished mixtures of diastereomers. Catalysis by trimethylsilyl triflate favoured the exo addition while catalysis by potassium cyanide/18-crown-6 yielded more of the endo adducts. The configurations of the O-trimethylsilyl cyanohydrins exo,exo-15, exo,exo-16, exo- and endo-17, exo-18, and endo,endo-20 were elucidated by X-ray diffraction analysis. The structures of the other products were established from their high field proton and carbon-13 spectra.
    Notes: 1,4-Hydrocyanierung der α-β-ungesättigten 1,5-Dimethylbicyclo-[3.3.0]octenone C2-7, Cs-7, 8 und 9 mit Diethylaluminiumcyanid ergab diastereoselektiv die exo-β-Cyanketone 12, 14, 10 bzw. exo-11. Lediglich aus 9 entstand außerdem noch in geringerem Umfang das endo-β-Cyanketon endo-11. Die Konfiguration von 10, exo-11 und 12 wurde durch Röntgenstrukturbestimmung bewiesen. Das Diketon 4 addierte Trimethylsilylcyanid unter Zinkiodid-Katalyse nur von der exo-Seite (→ exo,exo-16). Im Gegensatz dazu ergab die Addition von Trimethylsilylcyanid an das Diketon 5 (→15) und die β-Cyanketone 10 (→ 17), exo-11 (→18) und 12 (→20) sowohl unter Trimethylsilyl-triflat-Katalyse als auch unter Katalyse durch Kaliumcyanid/18-Krone-6 stets Dia-stereomerengemische. Trimethylsilyl-triflat-Katalyse begünstigte die exo-Addition, Katalyse durch Kaliumcyanid/18-Krone-6 die endo-Addition. Die Konfiguration der O-(Trimethylsilyl)-cyanhydrine exo,exo-15, exo,exo-16, exo- und endo-17, exo-18 und endo,endo-20 wurde durch Röntgenstrukturbestimmung aufgeklärt. Die Struktur der übrigen Produkte wurde durch Hochfeld-1H. und 13C-NMR-Spektren bewiesen.
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