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  • Springer  (538)
  • National Academy of Sciences  (36)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
  • Geological Society of London
  • 1990-1994  (347)
  • 1985-1989  (255)
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: Flame ; extinguishment ; extinction ; diffusion flames ; dry chemicals ; hydrocarbon-air
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract An extensive experimental study has been made of the extinguishment of a smalln-heptane diffusion flame (14.7 cm diameter pan) by five common dry-chemical powders—potassium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium chloride, monoammonium phosphate, and Monnex. The fire extinguishing effectiveness (reciprocal of the observed minimum extinction concentration) of each dry-chemical substance, other than that due to chemical specificity, is fully explained on the basis of particle size and distribution. Literature correlations between effectiveness and particle surface area appear to be incidental and stem from the inherent relationship between particle size and surface area. An important finding of the study is a discontinuity in the extinguishing effectiveness of a powder as a function of particle size. This occurs for each substance at a unique particle diameter above which there is a dramatic five-to eight-fold decrease in effectiveness. For a given substance, all powders with particle sizes below the limiting value exhibit the same maximum effectiveness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fire technology 25 (1989), S. 195-212 
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: physical ; thermal ; mechanisms ; flame ; fire ; extinguishment ; hydrocarbonair
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents an analysis of experimental flame and detonation extinguishment data published by a number of authors, including those in a companion paper. The maximum effectiveness observed for each of five common dry chemicals at small particle diameters is shown to be related to heat extraction from the flame by active endothermic sinks—heat capacity, fusion, vaporization, and decomposition. Larger particles are more stable in the flame and the reduced level of effectiveness observed is due principally to the only active sink—heat capacity. Evidence is presented to support two propositions: first, that the strong chemical inhibiting effects exhibited by many substances in flame velocity studies are effectively confined to low-concentration regimes; and second, that regardless of chemical effects, diffusion flames of the type studied are largely extinguished by thermal or heat extraction mechanisms at extinguishant concentrations that are quantitatively predicted by a simple heat balance and a predictable limit temperature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Keywords: 252Cf-PDMS ; metal cluster ; metal carbonyl ; mass spectrometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract 252Cf-Plasma Desorption Mass Spectrometry (252Cf-PDMS) has been used to investigate the [(Ph3PCH2C5H4)Fe(C5H5)]+ salt of the prototype dianionic, platinum carbonyl cluster, [Pt3(CO)3(μ2-CO)3] 3 2− . An envelope of singly charged [Pt9(CO) x ]− ions with the principal peak centered atx=8 was observed in the negative ion mass spectrum as a result of successive losses of the carbonyl ligands from the intact platinum core. Another feature of the negative ion spectrum was the prominent occurrence of other envelopes of multiple peaks which conform to Pt12, Pt15, Pt18, Pt21, and Pt24 singly charged metal cores. An unexpected observation was the presence of singly charged positive ions of the dianionic cluster which were formed without incorporation of the counterion. A similar but, largely unresolvable, broad envelope of singly charged ions containing the Pt9 core resulted with a peak maximum corresponding closely to the completely carbonylated cluster. The peak distribution extended from the fully decarbonylated cluster to well beyond the mass of the fully carbonylated cluster. Analogous peaks attributable to singly charged positive ions of the Pt12, Pt15, and Pt18 clusters were also evident. Very little fragmentation was observed below the molecular ion in either the positive or negative ion mass spectra except for ions associated with the counterion. A detailed analysis of the mass spectra, including the types of ions observed and correlations with the molecular architecture are described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 7 (1994), S. 455-464 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: superparasitism ; egg load ; host-parasitoid system ; foraging ; Venturia canescens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The foraging behavior ofVenturia canescens, a solitary endoparasitoid of lepidopteran larvae, was investigated in the laboratory. FemaleVenturia canescens with a larger number of mature eggs to lay were found to have higher levels of superparasitism (measured as numbers of eggs laid per parasitized host). Increased parasitoid density was found to result in reduced levels of superparasitism by host-deprived (i.e.,undepleted) wasps. Females which had been allowed access to hosts before the experiment (depleted wasps) laid fewer eggs per parasitized host than undepleted wasps, although there was no significant difference in the levels of superparasitism among the depletion periods of 1, 2, 5, and 7 h. It was also found that an egg which was encountered less than 15 min after oviposition was much less likely to be avoided than one which was encountered after more than 15 min had elapsed.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: egg load ; host-parasitoid systems ; motivation ; mutual interference ; agonistic encounters ; Venturia canescens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The foraging behavior ofVenturia canescens, a solitary endoparasitoid of lepidopteran larvae, was investigated in the laboratory. Females with a greater number of mature eggs in their ovarioles and oviducts parasitized a greater number of hosts and won a greater proportion of encounters with other searching females. Wasps which had been exposed to hosts prior to an experimental trial lost a higher proportion ofagonistic encounters with conspecifics than wasps which had no prior exposure to hosts. The behavior of a wasp at the time of the encounter influenced the outcome of the encounter. Wasps involved in active search of the host medium with the ovipositor (“probing”) were more likely to win encounters than wasps in any other behavioral category. In a situation where the agonistic encounter was between two probing wasps, both contestants were equally likely to win. Results are discussed in the light of the idea that mutual interference arises, in this species, as a result of agonistic encounters between searching females and recent dynamic-programming models which suggest that parasitoid oviposition should be influenced by mature egg load.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Studia logica 49 (1990), S. 175-181 
    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Let ℭ be the class of frames satisfying the condition $$\forall x\exists y(Ry \wedge yRy)$$ (“every world can see a reflexive world”). LetKMT be the system obtained by adding to the minimal normal modal systemK the axiom $$M((Lp_1 \supset p_1 ) \wedge ... \wedge (Lp_n \supset p_n ))$$ for eachn ⩾ 1. The main results proved are: (1)KMT is characterized by ℭ. (2)KMT has the finite model property. (3) There are frames forKMT which are not in ℭ, but allfinite frames forKMT are in ℭ. (4)KMT is decidable. (5)KMT is not finitely axiomatizable. (6) The class of all frames forKMT is not definable by any formula of first-order logic. (7) 〈W, R〉 is a frame forKMT iff for everyx εW, the worlds thatx can see form a sub-frame which is not finitely colourable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A study has been made of ZSM5 zeolite deacidification (dealumination) by high temperature treatment in SiCl4 vapour, monitoring total acidity by Na+-exchange, and external surface acidity by methylene blue adsorption (exchange), with comparative measurements of theN Si/NAl ratio (nominally external surface) by XPS. Using H-ZSM5, the highest specificity for external surface deacidification was found at the lowest usable values of treatment temperature, time andp Sicl4. Using Na-ZSM5 in place of H-ZSM5 did not offer a useful improvement. A steaming/HCl-leaching method was shown not to be suitable for selective external surface deacidification. Values ofN Si/NAl by XPS were dependent on the method of sample preparation, with mechanical stress (pelleting, pressing) tending to give abnormally low values due to crystal or aggregate fracture: this effect became more serious with increasing severity of SiCl4 treatment. Even after correcting for XPS emission from subsurface layers, agreement between surfaceN Si/NAl values from XPS and acidity measurements was poor for samples with a low degree of bulk deacidification (mild SiCl4 treatments), and is ascribed to non-acidic surface Al.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Impedance measurements on 23 Ah Ni-Cd cells at various residual capacity levels are described. These have been made using non-inductive connections coupled directly to a potentiostat and a frequency response analyser. The capacitive reactance at 0.39 Hz provided the best residual capacity indicator.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 16 (1986), S. 555-564 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The problem of estimating the residual usable energy of a lead-acid cell has been intensified by the introduction of fully sealed units. These rely on the recombination of gaseous oxygen produced during overcharge at the positive electrode with the active material at the negative electrode. This introduction has removed the possibility of electrolyte density measurements, third electrode measurements and restricted residual capacity assessments to the two cell terminals. A method for this process is described using a parameter based on a characteristic frequency. The parameter is also a useful measure of cell ageing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 15 (1985), S. 399-404 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Impedance measurements have been made on a mini electrode disposed between two large (identical) counter electrodes. A general mechanism is obtained for the electrode behaviour from the experimental data. The electrode reaction is two step and complex. Where comparison is possible agreement is obtained with earlier work.
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