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1

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Field evaluation of starter N and delayed inoculation ofLespedeza cuneata grown in minesoil (1988)

Bender, D. A. ; Morse, R. D. ; Neal, J. L. ; [et al.]

Springer

Plant and soil 109 (1988), S. 109-113

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: inoculation method ; nitrogen fixation ; reclamation ; Rhizobium ; sericea lespedeza ; surface mining

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract A field study was conducted on freshly reclaimed surface-mined area to determine response of sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata [Dumont] G. Don.) to delayed rhizobial inoculation. Soybeans (Glycine max L.) were used as a control legume. Plots were inoculated with spray applications of rhizobial suspensions at seeding, cotyledon stage or second trifoliate leaf stage, or not inoculated. Starter N at 0, 10 or 20 kg ha−1 was applied preplant in a factorial arrangement with inoculation timings.G. max. was grown for 92 days andL. cuneata for 121 days. Starter N increased plant growth and total shoot N in both species. However, % shoot N was found to increase only inL. cuneata. Delaying inoculation had no significant effect upon total shoot N or % shoot N accumulation inL. cuneata. Inoculation ofG. max at planting produced greater plant growth and N accumulation than delayed inoculation treatments. Application of inoculum as a surface spray appeared to be an effective method for delayed inoculation as evidenced by nodule formation. Lack of increased plant growth, regardless of time of inoculation, suggests that delayed inoculation does not improve establishment and growth ofL. cuneata in minesoil.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02197587

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2

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Effect of two granular nematicides on growth and nodulation ofArachis hypogea L. (1982)

Clarkson, D. ; Bull, P. B. ; Moles, D. J.

Springer

Plant and soil 66 (1982), S. 413-416

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: Growth ; Nematicide ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation ; Peanut ; Rhizobium

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Summary The effect of two granular nematicidesviz. oxamyl and fenamiphos, on the nodulation and growth of Rhizobium inoculatedArachis hypogaea L. was studied in glasshouse and field trials. In the glasshouse trial at the suggested rates of application shoot fresh weight was significantly reduced by oxamyl whilst root fresh weight was similarly affected by fenamiphos. In the field trial vegetative growth and plant emergence were significantly reduced by both nematicides. Nodulation at the higher rates of application was increased by both oxamyl and fenamiphos whilst oxamyl caused a significant increase in pod number at the highest rate of application.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02183808

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3

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Comparative salinity tolerance of symbiotically dependent and nitrogen-fed pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) and its wild relative Atylosia platycarpa (1990)

Subbarao, G. V. ; Johansen, C. ; Jana, M. K. ; [et al.]

Springer

Biology and fertility of soils 10 (1990), S. 11-16

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ISSN: 1432-0789

Keywords: Atylosia platycarpa ; Cajanus cajan ; Pigeonpea ; N2 fixation ; Rhizobium ; Salinity stress ; Acetylene reduction assay

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Summary Once symbiosis between the pigeonpea cultivar ICPL 227 and the Rhizobium sp. strain IC 3024 is established, it is efficient in fixing N2 under saline conditions and can support growth comparable to N-fed plants in growth media with up to 6 dS m-1 salinity. However, the early stages of establishment of the pigeonpea-IC 3024 symbiotic system have proved sensitive to salinity. The present study showed that the number of nodules was markedly reduced at 8 dS m-1 salinity; however, nodule development and functioning were not affected by salinity in the pigeonpea-IC 3024 symbiosis. The symbiotic system of Atylosia platycarpa and Rhizobium sp. strain IC 3087 was established successfully even at 12 dS m-1 and supported growth comparable to that of N-fed plants. P levels in leaves were increased under saline conditions in N-fed and N2-fixing pigeonpea and A. platycarpa. There were no consistent differences in the leaf Na and chloride levels between N-fed and N2-fixing plants of pigeonpea and A. platycarpa. The present study suggests that the rhizobial symbiosis may not be a necessary factor for initial screening of pigeonpea and related wild species for salinity tolerance.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336118

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4

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Population densities of clover rhizobia in Texas pastures and response to liming (1993)

Nazih, N. ; Sen, D. ; Weaver, R. W.

Springer

Biology and fertility of soils 15 (1993), S. 45-49

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ISSN: 1432-0789

Keywords: Rhizobium ; Trifolium ; Population density ; Soil acidity ; Liming

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Summary Clovers are widely used forage legumes on acidic soils in Texas and need inoculation with appropriate rhizobia when first introduced. Acidic soils are not conducive to survival of clover rhizobia. A survey of pastures was undertaken to determine the number of rhizobia present. The effect of liming acidic soils on the survival of clover rhizobia was also evaluated in the laboratory. The number of clover rhizobia was more than 100 cells g-1 soil in 70% of the pastures surveyed but populations within pastures varied by more than two orders of magnitude. The number of years of clover production beyond 1 year did not affect the rhizobial population density. The soil pH of twelve samples was below 5.0 and six samples had populations of rhizobial lower than 100 g-1 soil. Eleven out of sixteen samples from fields that had grown clover and had pH values above 6.0 had populations exceeding 1000 g-1 soil and only three samples had populations lower than 100 g-1 soil. Incubating indigenous or inoculated rhizobia in well-mixed soils having pH values of 5.1 or below resulted in populations declining to below 10 g-1 soil in 6 weeks. Mixing of soils with pH values of up to 5.4 induced reduction of rhizobial numbers, possibly by destroying microsites. Liming of soils to increase pH values above 5.5 improved survival of native or inoculated rhizobia in most cases.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336287

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5

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Selection of Rhizobium leguminosarum strains for lentil (Lens culinaris) under growth room and field conditions (1990)

Bremer, E. ; Kessel, C. ; Nelson, L. ; [et al.]

Springer

Plant and soil 121 (1990), S. 47-56

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: acetylene reduction ; grain yield ; N difference ; N2 fixation ; 15N-isotope dilution ; nodule ; Rhizobium ; selection parameters ; total N

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Most of the production of lentil (Lens culinaris) on the Great Plains occurs on soils that are free of indigenous Rhizobium leguminosarum. Inoculation is required to increase yields through N2 fixation. A screening program to evaluate the effectiveness of R. leguminosarum strains for lentil was initially carried out under controlled environments followed by an evaluation under field conditions. In two separate growth room experiments, the effectiveness of 185 and 24 different strains of R. leguminosarum were tested for Laird and Eston lentil. Significant differences between strains in number of nodules, shoot weight and nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction activity, ARA) were found for lentil grown for 5 weeks. When lentil were grown for 7 weeks, significant differences between strains in number of nodules, total plant weight, total N, and % N were observed. Fourteen strains plus Nitragin ‘C’ inoculant were selected for further field testing on Eston and Laird lentil at two locations in 1986 and one site in 1987. Inoculation increased yield up to 135%. Percent Ndfa and total N2 fixed ranged from 0 to 76 and 0 to 105 kg ha-1, respectively. N2-fixing activity was site specific and higher spring soil NO3-levels resulted in lower N2-fixing activity. Depending on site and growing conditions, strains 99A1 and I-ICAR-SYR-Le20 appeared to be superior to the other strains tested. A good agreement was found between the estimates for N2 fixation based upon the 15N-isotope dilution and the classical N difference methods. Number of nodules, dry weight of nodules and ARA of Eston and Laird lentil grown under growth room conditions failed to show positive correlations with total dry matter production, total N or total N2 fixed of field grown lentil. However, total plant weight and total N of lentil grown under growth room conditions were highly correlated with field parameters, and were the most reliable screening parameters for the selection of superior rhizobial strains.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00013096

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6

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Intra-specific variation in growth and P accumulation of Leucaena leucocephala and Gliricidia sepium as influenced by soil phosphate status (1991)

Sanginga, N. ; Bowen, G. D. ; Danso, S. K. A.

Springer

Plant and soil 133 (1991), S. 201-208

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: isolines ; nodulation ; N2 fixation ; P uptake ; P use efficiency ; provenances ; Rhizobium ; rhizosphere

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Twenty-three provenances of Gliricidia sepium and eleven isolines of Leucaena leucocephala were examined at a low and at high phosphate levels (20 and 80 mg P kg-1 soil) for growth, phosphate (P) uptake and use efficiency. Large differences in growth at the low P level, and in growth response to the higher P rate occurred among L. leucocephala isolines and G. sepium provenances. Shoot dry weight at low P varied from 1.30 to 3.01 g plant-1 for L. leucocephala and from 1.44 to 3.07 g plant-1 for G. sepium. Leucaena isolines had only half the root weight of G. sepium provenances yet produced approximately 90% of the shoot weight of the corresponding G. sepium treatments, i.e. more than a 2-fold difference in root/shoot ratios. Total P in shoots of G. sepium was some 85% greater than of the respective L. leucocephala isolines in corresponding treatments. Physiological phosphate use efficiency (g shoot/mg P in shoots) (PPUE) was not a simple reciprocal relation, being markedly lower at higher shoot % P and content. However, for the same shoot P both species produced the same shoot weight. Nevertheless, there were apparent genotypic differences within species in the root development, shoot P and PPUE. In another study, the numbers of rhizobia in the rhizosphere of L. leucocephala, nodulation, N2 fixation at five different levels of P were determined. The numbers of rhizobia in the rhizosphere of inoculated L. leucocephala during the first two weeks were lower when P was added but later became similar to those without added P. Nodules formed earlier than inoculated plants fertilized with P and in greater numbers (4- to 5-fold) and dry weights than in those without P. However, the percentage of N2 derived from fixation did not change with increasing levels of P application. These results suggest that the observed P effect did not operate via stimulated growth of rhizobia in the rhizosphere, nor through increased N2 fixation rate. The major effect appeared to be due to effects via plant growth.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009192

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7

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Effect of salinity on growth of four strains of Rhizobium and their infectivity and effectiveness on two species of Acacia (1991)

Craig, G. F. ; Atkins, C. A. ; Bell, D. T.

Springer

Plant and soil 133 (1991), S. 253-262

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: Acacia ; bacteria ; intracellular solutes ; nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium ; osmoregulation ; salinity

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Two Rhizobium strains (WU1001 and WU1008) were isolated from nodules of Acacia redolens growing in saline areas of south-west Australia, and two strains selected from the University of Western Australia's culture collection (WU429 isolated from A. saligna and WU433 from A. cyclops). The growth of each in buffered, yeast extract mannitol broth culture was largely unaffected by salt up to 300 mM NaCl. A slight increase in lag time occurred at concentrations of 120 mM NaCl and above, but cell number at the static phase was not affected. Each of the four Rhizobium strains tested accumulated Na+ but showed decreasing levels of sugar with increasing salt in the external medium. Amino acid levels also increased, in some cases by more than tenfold. However, the relative proportion of each remained fairly constant in the bacteria, irrespective of salt treatment. Only trace quantities of proline were detected and there was no increase in this amino acid with salt. Acidic amino acids (glutamate and aspartate) remained as a constant proportion. Rhizobium strains WU429, WU1001 and WU1008 produced effective nodules on both A. cyclops and A. redolens grown in sand with up to 80 mM NaCl (added in nutrient solutions free of nitrogen). Strain WU433 was highly infective on both Acacia species tested at low salt concentrations (2–40 mM NaCl), but infection was sensitive to salt levels at 120 mM NaCl and above. Nodules formed with strain WU433 were, however, ineffective on both A. redolens and on A. cyclops and showed nil or negligible rates of acetylene reduction at all salt concentrations. Strains WU429, WU1001 and WU1008 in combination with a highly salt-tolerant provenance of A. redolens formed symbioses which did not vary significantly in nodule number and mass, specific nodule activity or total N content irrespective of salt level up to 160 mM NaCl. On a more salt sensitive provenance of A. redolens and on A. cyclops the infectivity and effectivity of the Rhizobium strains tested usually decreased as the external salt concentration increased. These data are interpreted to indicate that tolerance of the legume host was the most important factor determining the success of compatible Rhizobium strains in forming effective symbioses under conditions of high soil salinity.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009197

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8

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Growth responses of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal tropical forage species to different levels of soil phosphate (1991)

Arias, I. ; Koomen, I. ; Dodd, J. C. ; [et al.]

Springer

Plant and soil 132 (1991), S. 253-260

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: Glomus manihotis ; phosphate ; Rhizobium ; sterile oxisol ; tropical forage plants ; vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Three tropical forage legumes, Stylosanthes capitata, Pueraria phaseoloides and Centrosema macrocarpum, and one grass, Brachiaria dictyoneura, were grown in a sterile phosphate deficient soil amended with soluble or rock phosphate at rates ranging from 0 to 400 mg kg-1 soil. The effects of inoculation with Glomus manihotis on mycorrhizal infection and plant growth were assessed. Early growth and nodulation of P. phaseoloides in soil with and without rock phosphate fertilizer were also determined. In the legumes, mycorrhizal infection was high at all P levels and sources, except for a significant decrease of infection in S. capitata at high levels of superphosphate. Plant growth was significantly increased by phosphate fertilizer and mycorrhizal inoculation. Mycorrhizal responses were more pronounced at low P levels with both P sources. In B. dictyoneura mycorrhizal infection was decreased with increasing additions of P. No effects of mycorrhizal inoculation (except with no added P) were observed. Growth and nodulation of P. phaseoloides were greatly stimulated by mycorrhizal inoculation.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010406

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9

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Effect of NO3 on N2 fixation and nitrogenous solutes of xylem in two nodulated West African geocarpic legumes, Kersting's bean (Macrotyloma geocarpum L.) and Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L.) (1992)

Dakora, F. D. ; Atkins, C. A. ; Pate, J. S.

Springer

Plant and soil 140 (1992), S. 255-262

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: effect of combined N ; geocarpic legumes ; nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium ; root nodule ; ureide

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Nodulation, nitrogen (N2) fixation and xylem sap composition were examined in sand cultured plants of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L.) and Kersting's bean (Macrotyloma geocarpum L.) inoculated with Bradyrhizobium strain CB756 and supplied via the roots for a 4 week period from the third week onwards with different levels of (15N)-nitrate (0–15 mM). The separate contributions of nitrate and N2 to plant nitrogen were measured by isotope dilution. Increasing levels of nitrate inhibited nodule growth (measured as dry matter or nodule N) of both species parallel with decreased dependence on symbiotically-fixed N. Specific nodule activity (N2 fixed g nodule dry−1 d−1 of nodules) was reduced progressively with time in V. subterranea at higher (5 or 15 mM) levels of NO3, but this was not so for M. geocarpum. Root xylem bleeding sap of both species showed ureides (allantoin and allantoic acid) as predominant (〉90%) solutes of nitrogen when plants were relying solely on atmospheric N. Levels of ureide and glutamine decreased and those of asparagine and nitrate in xylem increased with increasing level of applied nitrate. Relative levels of xylem ureide-N were positively correlated (R2=0.842 for M. geocarpum and 0.556 for V. subterranea), and the ratio of asparagine to glutamine in xylem exudate negatively correlated (R2=0.955 for M. geocarpum and 0.736 for V. subterranea) with plant reliance on nitrogen fixation. The data indicate that xylem sap analyses might be useful for indirect field assays of nitrogen fixation by the species and that Kersting's bean might offer some potential as a symbiosis in which N2 fixation is relatively tolerant of soil N.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010602

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10

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The antibiotic effect of culture filtrates of some soil fungi on rhizobial growth in cultures (1984)

Anusuya, D. ; Sullia, S. B.

Springer

Plant and soil 77 (1984), S. 387-390

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: Antibiosis ; Culture filtrate ; Fungi ; Peanut ; Rhizobium

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Summary Four strains ofRhizobium sp. from peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) root nodules were tested for their sensitivity to metabolites (culture filtrates) of more than ten common soil inhabiting fungi, in yeast extract mannitol agar and broth cultures. Among the rhizobial strains tested strain CB-530, BU-1 and BU-2 were not sensitive to metabolites ofMyrothecium roridum andFusarium moniliforme whereas CB-1024 was sensitive. Culture filtrates ofGliocladium roseum, Thielavia basicola andDrechslera pedicellata inhibited the strains CB-530 and BU-2 but not CB-1024. Most of the soil inhabiting fungi tested were inhibitory to rhizobial growthin vitro and very few were stimulatory, their effect in either case being strain specific.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182942

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