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  • 1995-1999  (29)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Basic steps towards a self-sustainable quality system and laboratory accreditation (1998)
    Springer
    Accreditation and quality assurance 3 (1998), S. 197-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0517
    Keywords: Key words Pathway ; Quality system ; Implementation ; Self-sustainable ; accreditation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract  Laboratory managers are facing the task of altering the attitudes of themselves and their employees in order to implement a quality lifestyle, which is the prerequisite for successful implementation of a quality system complying with appropriate international standards. The alterations require a painstaking and constructive approach. Not all laboratories have the resources to secure the assistance of quality consultants. For those laboratory managers who have to find their way towards quality management on their own, some recommendations are given for a path towards a self-sustaining quality system. Several practical aspects of the basic steps in this path, which starts with assessing the current status of the laboratory and is followed by awareness building, are discussed. The recommendations are derived from the experience of the authors in their own laboratories.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007690050222
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Certification of two human hair reference materials issued by the International Atomic Energy Agency (1998)
    Springer
    Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry 360 (1998), S. 419-422 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1130
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two new human hair reference materials, with different levels of mercury and methylmercury, have been developed and characterized by the International Atomic Energy Agency, for use in validation of measurements for mercury exposure. The set of materials consists of IAEA-086, with a low level of methylmercury, and IAEA-085, with an elevated methylmercury level. An international intercomparison exercise was carried out, and 68 institutes from 40 countries have contributed data. Based on the evaluation of the results from the intercomparison and analyses by expert laboratories, values of 23.2 and 0.57 mg/kg total mercury are recommended for IAEA-085 and IAEA-086, respectively. Values for methylmercury are recommended at 22.9 mg/kg, MeHg as Hg, for IAEA-085, and at 0.26 mg/kg, MeHg as Hg, for IAEA-086. Recommended and information values are also given for other selected trace elements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002160050726
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Single cell green algae reference materials with managed levels of heavy metals (1998)
    Springer
    Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry 360 (1998), S. 429-432 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1130
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Three batches of single cell green algal biomass have been produced as model substances for green biomass reference materials with the aim of arriving at three different concentration levels for selected heavy metals in the same matrix. The green algal biomass is produced in a water based culture medium in open and closed bioreactors. An outdoor open bioreactor technology was used to produce a batch of “natural level” algae as well as a batch with elevated levels of As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Ni, and Pb. A photoreactor constructed without metal parts and employing artificial light sources was used in a clean air environment with high purity chemicals to reduce heavy metal concentrations in the third batch of algal biomass. For the above elements, the depleted level material, with exception of Hg, showed about one order of magnitude lower concentration than the natural level, while concentrations in the enriched material were up to four orders of magnitude higher. Analysts can use these materials to sustain verification of calibration and analytical quality over the entire operational range of the analytical work.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002160050729
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Examination of a procedure for the production of a simulated filter-based air particulate matter reference material (1998)
    Springer
    Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry 360 (1998), S. 435-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1130
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract An approach for producing simulated air particulate matter (APM) deposited on filters has been developed and investigated as to its usefulness for yielding large batches of filters as a future reference material. The APM deposited on the filters was a material collected from an urban industrial area, and had been milled to approximate a material of PM-2.5 particle size distribution. The milled APM material was loaded onto filter substrates (Nuclepore) through the deposition of aliquots from a liquid suspension via vacuum filtration. It should be noted that these filters do not represent a typical PM-2.5 elemental composition, since the milling increased the proportion of crustal materials and the suspension in liquid decreased the sulfate content. Homogeneity between filters was tested using INAA (whole filter analysis) and ED-XRF and PIXE and was estimated to be in the 5% range (relative standard deviation). Homogeneity within the filters and among the filters was also tested using micro-XRF and found to be acceptable for the elements tested. The results of the tests carried out on the filters indicate that this approach is appropriate for large-scale production of similar filters for distribution as reference materials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002160050731
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reference materials for small-sample analysis (1998)
    Springer
    Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry 360 (1998), S. 376-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1130
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Many modern analytical techniques use small solid samples and lack proper reference materials for their calibration and quality assurance. A remedy to this deficiency may be in the development of a new genre of highly homogeneous natural matrix materials, their properties being studied with analytical techniques such as PIXE and μ-PIXE, solid sampling AAS, scanning electron microscopy in combination with electron probe X-ray microanalysis, and INAA. Suitable natural materials may be obtained in form of single cell biological materials, finely dispersed suspensions and precipitates such as air particulate matter or sediments, and by appropriate particle size reduction of complex matrices. Initial studies have been carried out on single cell green algae biomass and air particulate matter, as well as several processed materials. Narrow particle size distributions with particles preferably below 10 μm diameter may assure the desired analytical homogeneity. The determination of sampling parameters for individual measurands will ascertain the utility of a material for small-sample analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002160050716
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Survey of reference materials for trace elements, nuclides and organic microcontaminants (1998)
    Springer
    Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry 360 (1998), S. 350-353 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1130
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), in co-operation with the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), has recently prepared a survey on internationally available analytical reference materials for trace elements, nuclides and organic contaminants in biological, environmental and related matrices. The purpose is to help analysts to select reference materials for quality assurance that match as closely as possible, with respect to matrix type and concentrations of the measurands of interest, the “real” samples that are to be measured. The present version of the survey, which is available in the form of two cost-free printed volumes [1], contains over 10,000 certified and information values in 650 reference materials from 27 different producers. The 455 measurands listed include trace elements, major and minor elements, organic contaminants, organometallic compounds, radionuclides and stable isotopes. Currently, the database from which the survey has been produced is being modified and extended so as to make the data available in electronic form via the Internet.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002160050708
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On achieving measurement quality in air pollution studies employing nuclear techniques (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry 233 (1998), S. 15-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2780
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Instrumental neutron activation, proton induced X-ray emission and energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence procedures were employed for trace element determinations in samples of fractionated air particulate matter deposited on filters. The techniques are well suited to analyse the generally small samples. However, indications of bias between techniques were found in the analysis of individual filters. This may be rectified with the development of matched reference materials. The three techniques were used in this work to determine trace elements in bulk samples of air particulate matter and in a set of intercomparison samples of fine air particulate matter on filters. The test results on these materials showed good agreement among the employed techniques and demonstrated the quality potential of air particulate analyses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02389640
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Instrumental neutron activation analysis for quality assurance of a hair reference material for mercury speciation (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry 233 (1998), S. 55-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2780
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) has been employed in the investigation of mass balance for mercury species analysis in the analytical process. A new human hair reference material (IAEA-085) was analyzed for methylmercury using a solid/liquid extraction procedure, with samples of extracts, residues, and untreated samples being analyzed by INAA. The certified reference material NIES CRM No. 13, human hair, was analyzed in parallel. From the results obtained through the mass balance studies, it was found that the extraction procedure was quantitatively complete, and that there was no difference between the mass balance of Hg and the total Hg in the untreated materials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02389647
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nuclear analytical chemistry for the IAEA Action Team in Iraq (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry 194 (1995), S. 229-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2780
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract At the end of the 1991 Gulf War the U.N. Security Council Resolution called upon IAEA, assisted by the U.N. Special Commission, to carry out inspections of all Iraqi nuclear installations. The IAEA Action Team succeeded in implementing, on very short notice, a comprehensive system of inspection activities, including sampling and analysis at the Agency's Laboratories and other laboratories in Member States. The Agency's Laboratories developed and implemented an analytical strategy with the aim to rapidly and accurately obtain the information necessary for verifying the Iraqi declarations. The analyses ranged from screening for α- and β/γ-emitters to accurate determinations of the amounts and isotopic composition of the radionuclides and associated trace elements and compounds. The arsenal of methods included ultra-sensitive radiometric methods, mass spectrometry, neutron activation, X-ray fluorescence and inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry. Selected results include the detection of uranium chloride compounds, special composition steels, and quantitative accounting of uranium and plutonium production. The selectivity, sensitivity and reliability of the applied analytical techniques in conjunction with validated sampling procedures are essential components of an analytical measurements system that can provide credible results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02038419
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nuclear techniques applied to air particulate matter studies (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry 217 (1997), S. 5-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2780
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The most important fraction of aerosols with respect to human health is the respirable fraction, which has particles less than 10 μm in equivalent aerodynamic diameter (EAD), the so called PM 10 fraction. The collection of these respirable particles and the determination of their trace element composition is the focus of an IAEA Co-ordinated Research Programme (CRP). The IAEA Laboratory participated in this Programme and established collection sites for the air particulate samples on the grounds of the Atominstitute of the Austrian Universities in Vienna and the IAEA Laboratories, Seibersdorf, representing an urban residential site and a rural site. The collected samples as well as samples of simulated air filters (used also for blind controls) and control materials were analyzed sequentially and/or in sections by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE), instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Results demonstrate the applicability of the PM-10 sampling approach, provided PIXE and/or INAA are used in the determinations. Reliable results can be obtained that will lead in comparable air pollution data for many regions in the world through CRP.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02055341
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