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  • 1995-1999  (16)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Life-Cycle Analysis of Small-Scale Sewage-Treatment Processes (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 9 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The environmental impact of small-scale sewage-treatment works has been evaluated using the technique of ‘life-cycle analysis’. Three sewage-treatment works with different process options were analysed to identify and quantify material use, energy use and environmental releases during construction, operation and demolition. This enabled (i) a comparison to be made between process options, and (ii) the identification of opportunities for the improvement of environmental performance. Subject to satisfactory sewage treatment and sludge disposal, the technique identified additional impacts of importance, which have implications for energy management, works design, supplier management and general environmental policy. Life-cycle analysis provides a useful insight into environmental impact and has potential for wider application within the water industry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1995.tb00945.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organochlorine Contamination in Sediments of the Inner Thames Estuary (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 9 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The saltmarsh at Two Tree Island, situated in the Thames estuary, has previously been identified as exhibiting a relatively enhanced degree of contamination with respect to organochlorine insecticides and polychlorinated biphenyls. This survey of sediment samples from mud flats on the north bank of the River Thames, creeks surrounding Canvey Island and from Two Tree Island, indicated that contamination with organochlorine and polychlorinated biphenyls was ubiquitous throughout the inner Thames estuary. Values observed were in agreement with those in other European estuaries, and the degree of contamination at Two Tree Island was considered to reflect the local background. The outfall from Benfleet sewage-treatment works was identified as a possible source of contaminants: however, no other point sources were located. Samples of annelids taken from mud flats by Two Tree Island had accumulated penta- and hexa-chlorinated biphenyls to a greater degree than lower chlorinated cogeners, and demonstrated signs of an ability to metabolize DDT.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1995.tb01490.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tidal Exchanges Between Orplands Managed Retreat Site and the Blackwater Estuary, Essex (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 11 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: ‘Managed retreat’ is a salt-marsh restoration technique which is under experimental implementation in the UK. The technique involves the engineered tidal inundation of coastal land in front of re-aligned flood defences. Salt marshes developed by this method are intended to act as hydraulic buffers in front of coastal defences and to provide zones of environmental enhancement. Two managed retreat trials were instigated in 1995 on the Blackwater Estuary, Essex, UK. In June 1995, two months after breaching the seawalls, the initial environmental impact and geochemical development of the Orplands managed retreat site were investigated by surveys of tidal exchanges. Tidal stage curves and quantities of exchange were determined by four hydrological surveys at the extremes of a neap-spring tidal cycle, and the chemistry of exchanges was investigated by water sampling during these surveys.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1997.tb00992.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Environmental Impact of a Chemical Spill from a Timber-Treatment Works on a Lowland River System (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 10 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: A major timber-preservative spillage, resulting from a fire at a timber yard, released substantial quantities of tributyltin and lindane (g hexachlorocyclohexane) into the River Bourne - a tributary of the River Thames. This paper describes the chemical and biological effects resulting from the incident. Water-column concentrations in the River Bourne South ranged from below detection limits to 5200 μg/l and 3700 μg/l for tributyltin and lindane respectively, with contamination extending 80 km into the Thames estuary. The high concentration of pollutants caused extensive fish mortality and virtually eradicated the invertebrate population in the immediate vicinity of the spill. Although sediment monitoring revealed initially high surficial sediment concentrations of tributyltin (3300 ng/g) and lindane (490 ng/g), loadings declined over a period of time, but it is perceived that contaminated sediments may pose a longer-term threat to benthic communities, particularly in the proximity of the spill site.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1996.tb00041.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors controlling the accumulation of metals within fluvial systems (1996)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 41 (1996), S. 87-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The magnitude and distribution of European Community (EC) regulated List I and List II metals and metalloids have been investigated in two lowland river systems in East Anglia, U.K. A combination of sediment and water quality data identified municipal sewage treatment work discharges as the main metal input sources to the river systems and identified two main areas of metal contamination: the Pix Brook, downstream of Letchworth STW on the River Ivel, and a 14 km enrichment zone adjacent to Whitlingham STW on the River Yare. The basement geology, flow dynamics, distance from point sources and sediment type were identified as important controls upon the magnitude and spatial distribution of metal contaminants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00394249
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spatial distribution and seasonal changes in methylmercury concentrations in shallow lakes (1996)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 321 (1996), S. 35-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: mercury ; methylmercury ; sediments ; seasonality ; mercury resistant bacteria colonies ; broads
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The environmental factors governing the distribution and behaviour of total and methylmercury within mercury contaminated shallow lakes, associated with the River Yare, Norfolk, UK, have been assessed in situ through the use of sediment cores. These were analysed for microbial and chemical changes on both a temporal and spatial scale. The distribution of total mercury proved to be site dependent and related to the hydrology, sediment transport dynamics, the degree of sediment disturbance and distance from the contamination source. The core profiles revealed a subsurface peak in total mercury with maximum concentrations residing at depths of 12 and 36 cm, depending upon location, with enrichment extending down to depths in excess of 88 cm. This vertical distribution was deemed to reflect historical emission in the late 1960s and early 1970s rather than post depositional migration effects. The distribution of methylmercury was distinct from that of its inorganic counterpart since it also displayed temporal variability with highest concentrations occurring in the spring and summer. Maximum concentrations also prevailed in the uppermost 12 cm of sediment, with peak loadings at or just below the sediment/water interface and detectable levels being restricted to the upper 36 cm. The temporal and spatial behaviour of methylmercury appeared to reflect variations in redox potential, the availability of the Hg2+ ion and the nature of microbial populations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00018675
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The success of elutriate tests in extended prediction of water quality after a dredging operation under freshwater and saline conditions (1995)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 36 (1995), S. 105-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Dredging simulation by elutriate tests accurately predicted concentrations of Hg, Cu, Mn and Fe released to the water column from contaminated sediment to within 1 order of magnitude. Hg and Cu concentrations increased by up to 7-fold after dredging, but declined to background concentrations within 48 h. Maximum loadings of Hg and Cu coincided with Fe and total organic carbon (TOC) water column concentrations, suggesting Hg and Cu are adsorbed onto particulates of Fe oxides and organic material. Seasonal changes in redox potential and temperature did not significantly affect metal release from sediments. Saline water did not cause significant increases in contaminant release from sediments to the water column over that observed for freshwater. Water quality standards of 1 µg l−1 Hg and 28 µg l−1 Cu as annual averages were not breached by dredging operations. Long-term effects of dredging on Hg and Cu availability, due to deposition of contaminated material as surficial sediments, is, however, of concern.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00546784
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Trends in motor-vehicle related air pollutants in central London (1996)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 43 (1996), S. 101-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Results of intermittent monitoring of six aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, ethyl-benzene, m-xylene, p-xylene and o-xylene), carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen over a thirteen year period at a site in central London (Exhibition Road) are presented. Four monitoring regimes were undertaken; namely, 1979, 1982/83, 1986/87 and 1991/92. The summertime daytime mean ambient concentrations of the measured parameters at this site are presented. The reported concentrations show a reduction from 1979 to 1992 by approximately a factor of two, despite national increases in motor fuel consumption and the volume of traffic. Relevant European Community legislation covering emissions from motor-vehicles are outlined and comparisons are made with emissions from motor vehicles predicted from the UK national inventory. The importance of the frequency of measurements was also noted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00398601
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of Olfactory Sensing in the Water Industry (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 52 (1998), S. 411-424 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract On behalf of a consortium of water companies and manufacturers, an electronic olfactory sensor was evaluated for its potential application to on-line analysis within the water industry. Early results are encouraging. The sensor has the ability to detect contaminants in raw water which cause taste and odour problems, such as 2,4,6-trichloroanisole and some hydrocarbons. It can also discriminate between three different raw water sources.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005846730167
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mercuty in Precipitation and Its Relation to Bioaccumulation in Fish: A Literature Review (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 108 (1998), S. 149-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Increases in industrial mercury (Hg) emissions in recent years have led many researchers to believe that Hg from the atmosphere constitutes a main source of Hg to aquatic biota in the absence of point source discharges. Established background levels for fish (0.2–1.0 mg kg-1) now exceed the pre industrial level of 0.15 mg kg-1, suggesting an anthropogenic origin. This review of recent literature illustrates how levels of mercury (Hg) species in the atmosphere are effectively transported into the aquatic arena, where chemical parameters combine to determine bioaccumulation rates in fish. Limited studies on methyl mercury (MeHg) in precipitation shown that concentrations average from 5% of total-Hg (T-Hg), to 1% in industrial regions. Observations of increased Hg is snow and precipitation from the Arctic Circle, related to poleward atmospheric circulation patterns, also demonstrate a spring maximum accompanying ozone depletion. Increases in oxidants and soil derived Hg in the atmosphere during the summer best explain summer Hg maximums observed in precipitation, while increased temperatures raise fish metabolism increasing Hg uptake through respiration and ingestion rate. The major route of entry for MeHg to fish appears to be biomagnification, after input from precipitation, runoff and inlake methylation. Regions buffered against acid precipitation maintain low fish-Hg levels by reduced MeHg production and maintaining gill function. When considering the bioaccumulation of Hg in fish this study shows that there are many variables to consider, not all of which originate from inside the aquatic arena. Both catchment and atmospheric processes combine with aquatic variables to dictate the overall levels of MeHg observed in fish tissue. There now appears to be sufficient knowledge to develop an axiom for the identification of aquatic systems likely to be susceptible to bioaccumulation from atmospheric derived Hg.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005023916816
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