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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electric circuit model for MgO-doped ZrO2–TiO2 ceramic humidity sensor (1998)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 73 (1998), S. 3854-3856 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The MgO-doped ZrO2–TiO2 ceramic pellets were studied for its humidity-sensitive electrical conduction. An equivalent circuit model has been proposed to define the humidity-sensitive electrical properties. This model is in agreement with the experimental findings. The electrical conduction is largely controlled by the intergranular impedance except at very high humidities. The impedance of the pellets showed inductive behavior in high-humidity region. This behavior can be attributed to the spherical paths adopted by charge carrier because conduction is mainly through the spherical grain surface. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.122915
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interfacial Enzymology of Glycerolipid Hydrolases: Lessons from Secreted Phospholipases A2 (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 64 (1995), S. 653-688 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.64.070195.003253
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners by an anaerobic microbial consortium (1996)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 46 (1996), S. 673-677 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract   An anaerobic methanogenic microbial consortium, developed in a granular form, exhibited extensive dechlorination of defined polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners. A 2,3,4,5,6-pentachlorobiphenyl was dechlorinated to biphenyl via 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorobiphenyl, 2,4,6-trichlorobiphenyl, 2,4-dichlorobi-phenyl and 2-chlorobiphenyl (CB). Removal of chlorine atoms from all three positions of the biphenyl ring, i.e., ortho, meta and para, was observed during this reductive dechlorination process. Biphenyl was identified as one of the end-products of the reductive dechlorination by GC-MS. After 20 weeks, the concentrations of the dechlorination products 2,4,6-CB, 2,4-CB, 2-CB and biphenyl were 8.1, 41.2, 3.0 and 47.8 μM respectively, from an initial 105 μM 2,3,4,5,6-CB. The extent and pattern of the dechlorination were further confirmed by the dechlorination of lightly chlorinated congeners including 2-CB, 3-CB, 4-CB, 2,4-CB and 2,6-CB individually. This study indicates that the dechlorination of 2,3,4,5,6-CB to biphenyl is due to ortho, meta and para dechlorination by this anaerobic microbial consortium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002530050879
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regulation of hydrogen metabolism in Butyribacterium methylotrophicum by substrate and pH (1996)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 45 (1996), S. 804-810 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  Exogenous H2/CO2 and glucose were consumed simultaneously by Butyribacterium methylotrophicum when grown under glucose-limited conditions. CO2 reduction to acetate was coupled to H2 consumption. The addition of either H2 or CO2 to glucose batch fermentation resulted in an increase in cell density, hydrogenase (H2-consuming and -producing) activities and fatty acid production by B. methylotrophicum as compared to when N2 was the feed gas. Hydrogenase activities appeared to be tightly regulated and were produced at higher rates during the exponential phase when CO2 was the feed gas as compared to H2 or N2. The increase in H2-consuming activity and decrease in H2-producing activity was correlated with an increase in butyrate synthesis. H2-consuming and ferredoxin (Fd)–NAD reductase activities increased while H2-producing and NADH–Fd reductase activities decreased in cells grown at pH 5.5 compared to those at pH 7.0. The molar ratio of butyrate/acetate was shifted from 0.35 at pH 7.0 to 1.22 at pH 5.5. The addition of exogenous H2 did not decrease the butyrate/acetate ratio at pH 7.0 nor at pH 5.5. The results indicated that growth pH values regulated both hydrogenase and Fd–NAD oxidoreductase activities such that, at acid pH, more intermediary electron flow was directed towards butyrate synthesis than H2 production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002530050766
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biotechnology of succinic acid production and markets for derived industrial products (1999)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 51 (1999), S. 545-552 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Succinic acid, derived from fermentation of agricultural carbohydrates, has a specialty chemical market in industries producing food and pharmaceutical products, surfactants and detergents, green solvents and biodegradable plastics, and ingredients to stimulate animal and plant growth. As a carbon-intermediate chemical, fermentation-derived succinate has the potential to supply over 2.7 × 108 kg industrial products/year including: 1,4-butanediol, tetrahydrofuran, γ-butyrolactone, adipic acid, n-methylpyrrolidone and linear aliphatic esters. Succinate yields as high as 110 g/l have been achieved from glucose by the newly discovered rumen organism Actinobacillus succinogenes. Succinate fermentation is a novel process because the greenhouse gas CO2 is fixed into succinate during glucose fermentation. New developments in end-product recovery technology, including water-splitting electrodialysis and liquid/liquid extraction have lowered the cost of succinic acid production to U.S. $ 0.55/kg at the 75 000 tonne/year level and to $ 2.20/kg at the 5000 tonne/year level. Research directions aimed at further improving the succinate fermentation economics are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002530051431
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biochemical route and control of butyrate synthesis in Butyribacterium methylotrophicum (1996)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 45 (1996), S. 355-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  Butyribacterium methylotrophicum produced more butyrate when grown on lactate than when grown on glucose, and only acetate was detected during growth on pyruvate. Higher levels of NADH were found in butyrate-producing than in acetate-producing cells. The addition of neutral red, an electron-flow modulator, to cells growing on pyruvate altered the carbon and electron flow from acetate plus H2 synthesis to butyrate synthesis. Enzymatic analysis suggested that pyruvate was produced from glucose via an Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway. Pyruvate was further metabolized to butyryl-CoA via, β-hydroxybutyryl-CoA and butyryl-CoA dehydrogenases. Lactate dehydrogenase, unlike butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase, was inducible and detected only in lactate-grown cells. Both of these dehydrogenases utilized 2,6-dichloroindophenol and other artificial electron acceptors but not NAD(P). Ferredoxin–NAD oxidoreductase levels were highest in lactate and lowest in pyruvate-grown cells. Cells contained both a ferredoxin–neutral-red reductase activity and a neutral-red–NAD reductase activity that coupled electron flow to butyrate synthesis. These results showed that butyrate synthesis by B. methylotrophicum was regulated by the carbon source and was dependent on the cellular NADH/NAD ratios, and the levels and direction of ferredoxin- and NAD-linked oxidoreductases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002530050696
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biochemical basis for carbon monoxide tolerance and butanol production by Butyribacterium methylotrophicum (1999)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 51 (1999), S. 827-832 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The biochemical mechanisms for growth tolerance to a 100% CO headspace in cultures, and butanol plus ethanol production from CO by Butyribacterium methylotrophicum were assessed in the wild-type and CO-adapted strains. The CO-adapted strain grew on glucose or CO under a 100% CO headspace, whereas, the growth of the wild-type strain was severely inhibited by 100% CO. The CO-adapted strain, unlike the wild-type, also produced butyrate, from either pyruvate or CO. The CO-adapted strain was a metabolic mutant having higher levels of ferredoxin–NAD oxidoreductase activity, which was not inhibited by NADH. Consequently, only the CO-adapted strain can grow on CO because CO oxidation generates reduced ferredoxin which, via the mutated ferredoxin–NAD reductase activity, forms reduced NADH required for catabolism. When the CO-adapted strain was grown at pH 6.0 it produced butanol (0.33 g/l) and ethanol (0.5 g/l) from CO and the cells contained the following NAD-linked enzyme activities (μmol min−1 mg protein−1): butyraldehyde dehydrogenase (227), butanol dehydrogenase (686), acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (82) and ethanol dehydrogenase (129).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002530051469
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intramolecular domain-domain interactions and intermolecular self-association in bovine prothrombin. A potentiometric and laser light-scattering study (1995)
    Springer
    The protein journal 14 (1995), S. 537-548 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4943
    Keywords: Prothrombin: self-association ; potentiometry ; light scattering ; cooperativity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The interaction of bovine prothrombin with Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions was investigated by following H+ release as a function of metal ion concentration at pH 6 and pH 7.4 at high and low ionic strength. Prothrombin Ca2+ and Mg2+ binding is characterized by high- and low-affinity sites. M2+ binding at these sites is associated with intramolecular conformational changes and also with intermolecular self-association. The pH dependence of H+ release by M2+ is bell shaped and consistent with controlling pKa values of 4.8 and 6.5. At pH 6 and low ionic strength, both Ca2+ and Mg2+ titrations following H+ release clearly show independent low- and high-affinity binding sites. Laser light scattering reveals that at pH 7.4 and low ionic strength, and at pH 6.0 and high ionic strength, the prothrombin molecular weight is between 73 and 98 kD. At pH 7.4 and high ionic strength, prothrombin is monomeric in the absence of metal ions, but appears to dimerize in the presence of M2+. At pH 6.0 and low ionic strength prothrombin exists as a dimer in the absence of metal ions and is tetrameric in the presence of Ca2+ and remains dimeric in the presence of Mg2+. These results and those for metal ion-dependent H+ release indicate that H+ release occurs concomitantly with association processes involving prothrombin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01886880
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reductive dechlorination of PCB-contaminated raisin river sediments by anaerobic microbial granules (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 55 (1997), S. 182-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: dechlorination ; bioremediation ; PCBs ; sediments ; anaerobic granules ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-dechlorinating anaerobic microbial consortium, developed in a granular form, demonstrated extensive dechlorination of PCBs present in Raisin River sediments at room (20° to 22°C) and at a relatively low (12°C) temperature. Highly chlorinated PCB congeners were dechlorinated and less chlorinated compounds were produced. The homolog comparison showed that tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, and heptachlorobiphenyl compounds decreased significantly, and mono- and dichlorobiphenyl compounds increased. After 32 weeks of incubation at 12°C, the predominant less chlorinated products included 2-, 4-, 2-2/26-, 24-, 2-4-, 24-2-, 26-2-, and 26-4-CB. Among these, 24- and 24-2-CB did not accumulate at room temperature, suggesting a further dechlorination of these congeners. Predominantly meta dechlorination (i.e., pattern M) was catalyzed by the microbial consortium in the granules. Dechlorination in the control studies without granules was not extensive. This study is the first demonstration of enhanced reductive dechlorination of sediment PCBs by an exogenous anaerobic microbial consortium. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 55: 182-190, 1997.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Technical note: The numerical solution of the system of 3-D nonlinear elliptic equations with mixed derivatives and variable coefficients using fourth-order difference methods (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equations 11 (1995), S. 187-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-159X
    Keywords: Mathematics and Statistics ; Numerical Methods
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: In this article, we report two fourth-order difference methods for the numerical integration of the system of general 3-D nonlinear elliptic equations subject to Dirichlet boundary conditions on a uniform cubic grid. When the coefficients of uxy, uyz, and uzx are not equal to zero and the coefficients of uxx, uyy, and uzz are equal, we require 27 grid points; when the coefficients of uxy, uyz, and uzx are equal to zero, we require only 19 grid points. The utility of the new methods is shown by testing the methods on various examples, including 3-D steady state viscous incompressible Navier-Stokes' model equations and Poisson's equation in polar coordinates, which confirm the accurate and oscillation-free solutions for large Reynolds numbers even in the vicinity of singularity. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/num.1690110303
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