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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 110 (1999), S. 5392-5402 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Electrical conductivity and differential scanning calorimetry studies (DSC) have been carried out on 1 M LiPF6 in propylene carbonate (PC) from 187 to 296 K. The electrical conductivity data are analyzed in terms of Vogel–Tammann–Fulcher (VTF), Williams–Landel–Ferry (WLF), and Bendler–Shlesinger (BENSH) formalisms. In addition, literature data for viscosity and relaxation times for PC (not containing salt) are analyzed using the same formalisms. Large, systematic variations are found in both the VTF and WLF fitting parameters with temperature interval. The large variation of the parameters with temperature demonstrates the failure of both formalisms and shows that care must be taken when utilizing the VTF/WLF parameters to draw conclusions concerning the behavior of systems. One conclusion which can be reached is that the VTF results indicate a significant difference between the molecular motions in PC and PC-containing LiPF6. Another is that the WLF parameter C1 is about 11 for low temperature data, referenced to the DSC glass transition temperature, Tg, which shows that for PC and PC-based liquids the value of all three dynamical quantities at Tg is about 11 decades smaller than the value predicted for very high temperatures. Finally, all data are found to be better fit by the BENSH equation. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Phosphaalkyne ; [3 + 2] Cycloaddition ; 1-Aza-3,4-diphospholenes ; Diphosphiranes ; 1-Aza-3,4-diphospholes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction of the (diisopropylamino)phosphaethyne (1) with diazo compounds of the type R1R2C=N2 (2a-2c) unexpectedly leads in high yields (60-90%) to the 1-aza-3,4-diphospholene derivatives 3a-3c, a new class of heterocycles. NMR investigations of the analogous reaction of 1 with diazocyclopentadiene 2d show that the multi-step formation of 3a-3c proceeds via the 1-aza-3,4-diphospholes 6a-6d as intermediates.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1572-9540
    Keywords: Penning trap ; highly charged ions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We describe how a single hydrogen-like ion (C5+) is prepared, cooled with the method of resistive cooling and non-destructively detected with the image-current technique in a cryogenic Penning trap at T = 4 K. The storage time for C5+-ions in the cryogenically pumped vacuum chamber is longer than six months. The experimental techniques of preparing, cooling and detecting highly-charged ions in a Penning trap are relevant for precision experiments such as g-factor measurements, mass spectroscopy and laser spectroscopy.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of inclusion phenomena and macrocyclic chemistry 25 (1996), S. 3-16 
    ISSN: 1573-1111
    Keywords: lipophilicity pattern ; cyclodextrins ; non-glucose cyclooligosaccharides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Computer-aided generation of the 3D-geometries and the contact surfaces for the cyclodextrins and cyclooligosaccharides composed of mannose, altrose, galactose, and fructose provide a lucid picture of their molecular architecture, most notably their cavity dimensions. The MOLCAD program's computation of the molecular lipophilicity patterns (MLPs), projected in color-coded form onto the respective contact surfaces, for the first time allow a detailed localization of hydrophobic and hydrophilic domains, which to a substantial degree determine the capabilities of these cyclooligosaccharides for inclusion complex formation.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1995 (1995), S. 1925-1937 
    ISSN: 0947-3440
    Keywords: Sucrose ; Molecular mechanics and dynamics ; Conformational properties ; Hydration ; Free energy calculations ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A molecular mechanics analysis of the conformational properties of sucrose in vacuo in terms of the intersaccharidic torsion angles Φ and Ψ, revealed three energy minima. The geometry of the global minimum-energy closely resembles the solid-state structure. Most notably, the interresidue hydrogen bonding interaction 2g-O…HO-1f present in the crystal, is retained under vacuum boundary conditions, indicating the molecular geometries adopted in the crystal lattice and in vacuo to be similar. For aqueous solutions, detailed molecular dynamics simulations of sucrose „soaked“ with 571 water molecules in a periodic box (truncated octahedron), revealed this direct H-bond interaction to be replaced by an indirect, water-mentioned one: an interresidue water-bridge of the 2g-O…H2O…HO-1f type prevailed with a high significance and a long life-time. This means the linkage geometry of sucrose in water-despite the absence of direct interresidue hydrogen bonds-again closely resembles the solid-state and in vacuo geometry in terms of the orientation of the glucose and the fructose unit relative to one another. The solution dynamics of, and the hydration around sucrose were analyzed in terms of pair distribution functions. These indicate strong hydrogen bonding between all sucrose hydroxyls (as donors and acceptors) and water within a first, well-defined hydration layer (hydroxyl-oxygen-water distances 1.8-3.5 Å), whereas the acetalic oxygens are engaged to a lesser extent as H-bond acceptors. The second hydration shell (〉4 Å) is rather diffuse and less pronounced, indicating those water molecules to be in a disordered state. The implications of the hydration shell and the water bridge on the crystallization process of sucrose and on binding towards transporter proteins, and the sweet-taste receptor, are discussed. Other sucrose conformations that may conceivably exist in aqueous solution, may have eluded the MD simulation search. The umbrella sampling technique was applied for establishing the free energy profile as a function of the intersaccharidic torsion angles. The resulting concise picture of the dynamics of sucrose in aqueous solution, encompassing the entire conformational space available, revealed only two energy minima. Of these, the by far, most populated global minimum structure corresponded to the most stable solution geometry, as found by molecular dynamics.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0947-3440
    Keywords: Cyclodextrins, small-ring ; Molecular geometries ; Molecular lipophilicity patterns ; Inclusion complexes ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A detailed force-field-based evaluation of the molecular geometries of small-ring cyclodextrins 1-3 with three, four, and five α(1→4)-linked glucose residues and the starch-derived α-cyclodextrin (4) was performed by using molecular mechanics and high-temperature annealing. The resulting minimum-energy structures reveal that the progressive strain imposed by diminution of the cyclodextrin macrocycle from six glucose units (α-CD, 4) to five (cycloglucopentaoside 3), four (tetraoside 2), and three (cyclotrioside 1) is reflected in a widening of the intersaccharidic bond angle, in a complex balance of the interrelated glucose tilt angles τ and the glycosidic torsions Φ and Ψ against each other, and most strikingly, in a specific unilateral distortion of the pyranoid rings, i.e. flattening at C-4 towards the E1 envelope conformation. This successive levelling at C-4, induced by a decrease of the two related ring torsion angles, is small in the pentamer 3, pronounced in 2, and fully realized in the cyclotrioside 1. - The respective contact surfaces of the minimum-energy conformers and their molecular lipophilicity patterns (MLP), in color-coded form, were also generated, allowing an assessment of their capabilities to form inclusion complexes. Accordingly, only the cyclopentaoside 3 exhibits a hydrophobic central cavity similar to that of α-CD (4), the smaller cyclodextrins 2 and 1 are closed, yet contain a hydrophobic indentation for potential binding.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0947-3440
    Keywords: Sucrose ; Molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) ; 2-O-Modified derivatives ; Monobenzylation, selective ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Generation of the molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) profiles, in color-coded form, on the solvent-accessible contact surfaces of the two main conformations that sucrose adopts in vacuo as well as in aprotic solvents (e.g. DMF), clearly shows the secondary glucosyl-2-OH to be the most electropositive of the altogether eight hydroxyl groups-conceivably due to the persistence of an intramolecular hydrogen bond of the 2g-O…HO-1f type. The notion that the 2g-OH is accordingly the hydroxyl group most readily deprotonated in aprotic solvents, and that the resulting sucrose 2g-O-alkoxide is the one best stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonding, received ample substantiation by smoothly achieving a highly regioselective (〉80%) 2g-O-benzylation in DMF with NaH/benzyl bromide. The resulting 2g-O-benzyl-sucrose (2)- minor products being the 1f-O- (3) and 3f-O-isomers (4)- was converted, by acetylation and hydrogenolysis into the 2g-OH-free sucrose heptaacetate 6, isolable in crystalline form in 42% yield based on sucrose, thus opening up a ready entry to 2g-O-modified derivatives: 2-deoxy-sucrose (12) via radical deoxygenation of a 2g-O-thiocarbamate, 2-keto-sucrose perbenzoate 7 via PDC oxidation, or N-acetyl-sucrosamine 14 and its manno-analog 16 through oximation of 7 and subsequent borane reduction.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: α-Cycloaltrin ; Cyclodextrine ; Macrocyclen ; Molecular Modeling ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Phosphaalkyne, amino- ; nickel, platinum, cobalt complexes ; 1 λ3, 3 λ5-diphosphetene ; 1H, 13C{1H} and 31P{1H} NMR spectra ; X-ray structure determination ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactive E = C(pp)π-Systems. XLII [1]. Novel Coordination Compounds of 2-(Diisopropylamino)-1-phosphaethyne: [{η4-(iPr2NCP)2}Ni{η2-(iPr2NCP)}], [(Ph3P)2Pt{η2-(iPr2NCP)}], and [Co2(CO)6{η2-μ2-(iPr2NCP)}]2-(Diisopropylamino)-phosphaethyne iPr2N—C≡P (2) reacts with the Ni(0)-complexes [Ni(1,5-cyclooctadiene)2] and [Ni(CO)3(1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane)], respectively, to give the novel complex [{η4-(iPr2NCP)2}Ni{η2-(iPr2NCP)}] (5), with the 1,3-diphosphacyclobutadiene derivative and 2 (side-on) as π-ligands. The molecular structure of 5 determined by X-ray diffraction on single crystals proves the spin systems and rotational barriers deduced from NMR-data (1H, 13C-, 31P). The PC distances of the four-membered ring of 1.817(2) and 1.818(2) Å - as expected - are considerably longer than the PC bond of the η2-coordinated phosphaalkyne 2 [1.671(2) Å]. - In the reactions of 2 with [(Ph3P)2Pt(C2H4)] or [Co2(CO)8] the ligand properties of 2 resemble those of alkynes affording the complexes [(Ph3P)2Pt{η2-(iPr2NCP)}] (7) with side-on coordinated 2 and [Co2(CO)6{η2-μ2-(iPr2NCP)}] with 2 acting as a 4e donor bridge in quantitative yield.In attempts to prepare copper(I) complexes of the aminophosphaalkyne 2 by reaction with CuCl or CuI the only isolable product formed in reasonable amounts under the influence of air and moisture is the 1 λ3, 3 λ5-diphosphetene (iPr2N) (10) (isolated yield: ca. 20%). The crystal structure analysis of 10 indicates a strong structural relationship to the diamino-2-phosphaallyl cation [Me(iPr2N)]+ (12), the 1,3-diphosphacyclobutadiene ligand (iPr2NCP)2 in the binuclear complex [{η1, μ2-(iPr2NCP)2}Ni2(CO)6] (3a) as well as to the heterocycles (dme)2LiOE2′ (E′ = S, 11a; E′ = Se, 11b) prepared by Becker et al. [11b, 35].
    Notes: 2-(Diisopropylamino)-phosphaethin iPr2N-C≡P (2) reagiert mit den Ni(0)-Komplexen [Ni(1,5-Cyclooctadien)2] bzw. [Ni(CO)3(1-Azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan)] zu dem neuen Komplex [{η4-(iPr2NCP)2}Ni{η2-(iPr2NCP)}] (5), der zwei Moleküle 2 in Form des 1,3-Diphosphacyclobutadiensystems und ein Molekül 2 „side-on“ koordiniert als π-Liganden enthält. Die Molekülstruktur von 5, ermittelt durch Röntgenbeugung an Einkristallen, bestätigt die aus den NMR-Daten (1H-, 13C-, 31P) abgeleiteten Spinsysteme und Rotationsbarrieren. Die PC-Abstände des Vierrings sind mit 1,817(2) bzw. 1,818(2) Å erwartungsgemäß erheblich länger als die PC-Bindung des η2-koordinierten Phosphaalkins 2 [1,671(2) Å]. Bei den Umsetzungen von 2 mit [(Ph3P)2Pt(C2H4)] bzw. [Co2(CO)8] entspricht das koordinative Verhalten dem von Alkinen; sie liefern die Komplexe [(Ph3P)2Pt{η2-(iPr2NCP)}] (7) mit side-on gebundenem 2 bzw. [Co2(CO)6{η2-η2-(iPr2NCP)}] mit 2 als 4e-Donorbrücke in quantitativer Ausbeute.Bei dem Versuch, aus 2 und CuCl bzw. CuI Kupfer(I)-Komplexe des Aminophosphaalkins darzustellen, bildet sich unter Einwirkung von Luft und Feuchtigkeit als einziges isolierbares Produkt das 1λ3, 3λ5-Diphospheten (iPr2N) (10) in beträchtlicher Menge (Reinausbeute: ca. 20%). Für 10 ergibt sich aus der Kristallstrukturanalyse eine enge Beziehung zu dem Diamino-2-phosphaallyl-Kation [Me(iPr2N)]+ (12), dem 1,3-Diphosphacyclobutadien-Liganden (iPr2NCP)2 im Zweikernkomplex [{η1-μ2-(iPr2NCP)2}Ni2(CO)6] (3a) sowie zu den von Becker et al. [11 b, 35] dargestellten Heterocyclen (dme)2LiOE2′ (E′ = S, 11a; E′ = Se, 11b).
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: α-cycloaltrin ; cyclodextrins ; macrocycles ; molecular modeling ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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