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  • 1995-1999  (5)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dietary Vitamin C Requirement of Hybrid Striped Bass Morone chrysops♀× M. saxatilis ♂ (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 30 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-7345
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A feeding trial was conducted to determine the dietary vitamin C requirement of juvenile hybrid striped bass Morone chrysops × M. saxatilis. Fish were fed a semi-purified basal diet with 40% crude protein and an energy to protein ratio of 8 kcal/g for a conditioning period of 2 wk. This diet which was not supplemented with vitamin C contained approximately 6-mg vitamin C/kg. Following conditioning, fish (approximately 0.55 g initial weight) were stocked as groups of 20 in 38-L aquaria and fed the basal diet and experimental diets supplemented with 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 75, or 150-mg vitamin C/kg as ascorbate polyphosphate for a period of 10 wk. Fish fed the basal diet and the diet supplemented with 10-mg vitamin C/kg exhibited signs of vitamin C deficiency including suppressed weight gain, reduced plasma and liver ascorbic acid levels, and abnormalities in isthmus cartilage formation. Plasma and liver ascorbic acid levels generally reflected dietary supplementation with the lowest levels occurring in fish fed the basal diet and higher levels in fish fed the supplemented diets. The minimum dietary requirement (±SE) based on non-linear least squares regression analysis of weight gain was 22 (±6) mg vitamin C/kg diet.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.1999.tb00679.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dietary Threonine Requirement of Juvenile Red Drum Sciaenops ocellatus (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 26 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-7345
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Threonine is an indispensable amino acid required by all animals for normal growth and metabolic functions. An experiment was conducted in a brackish water (5 ± 1 ppt) recirculating system to quantify the minimum dietary threonine requirement of juvenile red drum Sciaenops ocellatus. The experimental diets contained 350/0 crude protein from red drum muscle and crystalline amino acids and 3.2 kcal available energy/g diet. Incremental levels of L-threonine were added to the diets and fed to juvenile red drum initially averaging 2.8 g/fish for 8 wk. Weight gain and feed efficiency of fish fed the various diets were significantly (P 〈 0.05) affected and increased linearly as dietary threonine increased until plateauing around 0.8% of dry diet. Protein efficiency ratio and protein conversion efficiency values for fish fed the different diets also were significantly affected by threonine level and indicated requirement values of 0.8–0.9% of dry diet. Free threonine in plasma also significantly responded to increasing dietary threonine but indicated a slightly higher requirement value of approximately 1.0% of dry diet. Based on these data, the minimum threonine requirement of juvenile red drum was determined to be approximately 0.8% of dry diet (2.28% of dietary protein). This requirement level is similar to values reported for some other fish species. Based on this information diets may be formulated more precisely for aquacultural production of red drum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.1995.tb00256.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of Coastal Bermuda Grass Protein Isolate as a Substitute for Fishmeal in Practical Diets for Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 28 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-7345
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: In response to concerns over availability and cost of fishmeal for aquaculture feeds, a study was conducted to evaluate the suitability of a protein isolate from coastal Bermuda grass Cynodon dactylon for channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. The coastal Bermuda grass was treated by soaking in liquid anhydrous ammonia under high pressure at 70 C, a process known as Ammonia Fiber Explosion (AFEX), followed by pressure release, extraction and isoelectric precipitation for isolation of the protein. Amino acid analysis of the isolate (32% crude protein) indicated a generally balanced profile that was first limiting in methionine. A feeding trial was conducted in which four isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets containing incremental levels of the extracted, isolated protein were evaluated. The control diet contained 10% menhaden fishmeal and experimental diets were formulated so that the isolate replaced 33, 66 and 100% of the fishmeal on an equal-protein basis. Each diet was fed for 9 wk to triplicate groups of channel catfish fingerlings initially weighing approximately 14 g/fish. Apparent protein and organic matter digestibility of the isolate also was determined utilizing chromic oxide as an inert marker. Results of the feeding trial indicated that substitution of the isolate at all levels did not significantly (P 〉 0.05) affect weight gain, feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio or protein retention of channel catfish. Apparent protein and organic matter digestibility coeflicients of the isolate were 85 and 89%, respectively. These data indicate that the isolate was readily digested by channel catfish and was able to replace menhaden fishmeal (at 10% of diet) without adversely affecting fish performance. Additional research to evaluate substitution of other ingredients with the protein isolate appear warranted. Further research to optimize protein isolation procedures also is required.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.1997.tb00961.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dietary Supplementation of Terramycin and Romet-30 Does Not Enhance Growth of Channel Catfish But Does Influence Tissue Residues (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 28 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-7345
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Two controlled feeding trials were conducted in which Terramycin and/or Romet-30 were incorporated into either semipurified or practical diets to provide 25, 50 and 100% of the recommended dosages when fed to juvenile channel catfish at 3% of body weight per day. Data for 4-wk and 8-wk weight gain, feed efficiency, and survival of channel catfish fed the various diets were analyzed to determine if these responses could be enhanced by dietary inclusion of either or both antibiotics. In addition, 4-wk and 8-wk muscle samples from fish of each dietary treatment were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography for oxytetracycline (OTC), ormetoprim (OMP) and sulfadimethoxine (SDM) residues. The performance of juvenile channel catfish was not enhanced by the inclusion of Romet-30 or Terramycin in semipurified or practical diets. Moreover, fish performance tended to decrease relative to that of fish fed the control diet when antibiotics were supplemented in the diet. Residues of OTC, OMP and SDM in the fillets of catfish fed medicated diets generally increased in a time- and dose-dependent fashion. Residue concentrations above the legal tolerance limit of 0.1 mg/kg were noted in most samples from fish fed diets medicated at 100% of recommended levels and in many of the samples from fish subjected to lesser dosages, particularly in those that had been fed diets with Romet-30. Allowing catfish that were previously fed medicated diets a 3-wk or 4-wk withdrawal period effectively decreased the OTC, OMP and SDM contents of fillets to undetectable levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.1997.tb00286.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of dietary lipid and environmental salinity on growth, body composition, and cold tolerance of juvenile red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) (1995)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 14 (1995), S. 49-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: red drum ; Sciaenops ocellatus ; lipid ; diet ; salinity ; fatty acid ; cold tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Simultaneous, 6-week feeding trials were conducted in which diets containing menhaden, corn, coconut and hydrogenated menhaden oil at 7.0%, plus a diet containing 14% menhaden oil, were fed to triplicate groups of juvenile red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) at two different salinities (5 and 32%.). Weight gain was significantly (p 〈 0.05) affected by diet and salinity. Fish fed the diet containing 14% menhaden oil had the greatest weight gain; whereas, fish fed the diet containing coconut oil gained the least weight. Fish in brackish water had significantly greater weight gain than fish in full-strength seawater over the 6-week period, although fish fed coconut and saturated menhaden oil in brackish water had reduced survival. Dietary lipid also significantly affected muscle and liver total lipid, hepatosomatic index (HSI), and intraperitoneal fat (IPF) ratio, as fish fed the diets containing 14% menhaden oil had higher values for all of these body condition indices. After the feeding trial, fish were subjected to a chronic cold tolerance assay. In the chronic trial, where temperature was gradually reduced over a 3-week period, fish fed the diets containing menhaden oil had significantly lower median lethal temperatures (MLT) than those fish fed the diets containing coconut, corn and saturated menhaden oils. No significant effects of cold exposure were observed on muscle and liver total lipid. Cold exposure prompted a modification in lipid metabolism by lowering total saturated fatty acids and raising (n − 3) highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) in the neutral lipid of liver. Fish with the lowest MLT in the chronic assay exhibited signs of conserving (n − 3) HUFA and depleting (n − 6) fatty acids [primarily 18:2 (n − 6)], resulting in higher (n − 3)/(n − 6) ratios in the polar lipid of liver. These data suggest that the lower lethal temperature of juvenile red drum can be reduced through dietary manipulation involving the inclusion of high levels of dietary lipid rich in (n − 3) HUFA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00004290
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