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  • 1
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Linking Tourism and Conservation in the Arctic : proceedings from Workshops in January 20-22, 1996 and March 7-10, 1997 in Longyearbyen, Svalbard, hosted by the Norwegian Polar Institute and WWF Arctic Programme (1998)
    Tromsø : Norsk Polarinstitutt
    Associated volumes
    Details Availability
    Call number: AWI P5-01-0195
    In: Meddelelser, No. 159
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 139 Seiten , Illustrationen , 30 cm
    ISBN: 8276601599
    Series Statement: Meddelelser / Norsk Polarinstitutt 159
    Language: English
    Note: Contents List of contributors Preface Introduction Guidelines and codes of conduct for Arctic tourism: implementation and evaluation of an operator program / Margaret E. Johnston and David G. Twynam Drafting tourism codes for the Arctic / Peter Mason The importance of an overall visitor education program - experiences with tour operators in the Antarctic / Debra J. Enzenbacher Mechanisms for promoting and monitoring compliance with Arctic tourism guidelines / Debra J. Enzenbacher Polar ship-borne tourism: do guidelines and codes of conduct work? / Bernard Stonehouse The conservation perspective on Antarctic tourism / Cassandra Phillips Tourism regulation - cultural norms or legislation? Outdoor life and tourism regulation in Finnmark and on Svalbard / Arvid Viken Opportunities and problems associated with the development of Arctic tourism: a case study from Svalbard / Reidar Hindrum Mechanisms and organisational structures for implementing Arctic tourism guidelines / Tutta May Endresen Report on the IUCN and tourism-related activities in the Arctic / Jeanne Pagnan Planning for ecotourism in Kangerlussuaq - Søndre Strømfjord, Greenland / Jeppe Mordhorst Whale-watching guidelines: a special case / Cassandra Phillips Guidelines for whale-watching in Norway / Tiu Similä The frame conditions for ecologically acceptable tourism and its guidelines on Svalbard / Andreas Umbreit Appendices
    Location: AWI Reading room
    Branch Library: AWI Library
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interdependence of CO2 and inorganic nitrogen on crassulacean acid metabolism and efficiency of nitrogen use by Littorella uniflora (L.) Aschers (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 22 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The hypothesis is tested that crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) in isoetids is a mechanism which not only conserves inorganic carbon but also plays a role in nitrogen economy of the plants. This hypothesis was tested in an outdoor experiment, where Littorella uniflora (L.) Aschers. were grown at two CO2 and five inorganic nitrogen concentrations in a crossed factorial design. The growth of Littorella responded positively to enhanced nitrogen availability at high but not at low CO2 indicating that growth was limited by nitrogen at high CO2 only. For the nitrogen-limited plants, the capacity for CAM (CAMcap) increased with the degree of nitrogen limitation of growth and an inverse coupling between CAM and tissue-N was found. Although this might indicate a role of CAM in economizing on nitrogen in Littorella, the hypothesis was rejected for the following reasons: (1) although CAMcap was related to tissue-N no relationship between tissue-N and ambient CAM activity (CAMambient) was found whereas a close relationship would be expected if CAM was regulated by nitrogen availability; (2) the photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency for high CO2-grown plants declined with increased CAMambient and with CAMcap; and (3) growth per unit tissue-N per unit time declined with increased CAMambient and CAMcap.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.1999.00413.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of the laccase from Coprinus cinereus (1997)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 53 (1997), S. 605-607 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-0047
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The laccase from the fungus Coprinus cinereus has been prepared and crystallized in a form suitable for X-ray diffraction analysis. Small plate-like crystals of an enzymatically deglycosylated form of the enzyme have been grown by the hanging-drop method using polyethylene glycol as precipitant. These crystals diffract to at least 2.2 Å. They belong to the space group P212121 with cell dimensions a = 45.4, b = 85.7, c = 143.1 Å with a single molecule of laccase in the asymmetric unit.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0907444997004897
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solar wind and magnetosphere plasma diagnostics by spacecraft electrostatic potential measurements (1995)
    Springer
    Annales geophysicae 13 (1995), S. 118-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 0992-7689
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Several satellites (GEOS-1, GEOS-2, ISEE-1, Viking and CRRES) carried electric field experiments on which probes were driven by a current from the satellite to be close to the plasma potential. The potential difference between an electric field probe and its spacecraft (with conductive surfaces) can be used to determine the ambient electron density and/or electron flux with limited accuracy but with high time resolution, of the order of 10–100 ms. It is necessary for the development of this diagnostic method to understand the photoemission characteristics of probes and satellites. According to the electric field experiments on the above-mentioned satellites, all materials develop very similar photoemission properties when they are beyond the influence of atmospheric oxygen. The photoelectron yield steadily increases over the first few months in space and reaches values well above those measured on clean surfaces in the laboratory. The method can be used for solar radiation levels corresponding to distances from 0.4 to 5 AU from the Sun.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-995-0118-8
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An experiment to study and control the Langmuir sheath around INTERBALL-2 (1998)
    Springer
    Annales geophysicae 16 (1998), S. 1086-1096 
    Details
    ISSN: 0992-7689
    Keywords: Space plasma physics (active perturbation experiments; spacecraft sheaths, wakes, charging; instruments and techniques).
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The satellite INTERBALL-2 has an orbit with high inclination (62.8°), covering the altitude range between a few hundred and about 20000 km. The ambient plasma conditions along this orbit are highly variable, and the interactions of this plasma with the spacecraft body as well as the photo-electron sheath around it are considered to be interesting topics for detailed studies. The electric potential of the spacecraft with respect to the ambient plasma that develops as a result of the current equilibrium reacts sensitively to variations of the boundary conditions. The measurement and eventual control of this potential is a prerequisite for accurate measurements of the thermal plasma. We describe the purpose and technical implementation of an ion emitter instrument on-board INTERBALL-2 utilising ion beams at energies of several thousand electron volts in order to reduce and stabilise the positive spacecraft potential. First results of the active ion beam experiments, and other measures taken on INTERBALL-2 to reduce charging are presented. Furthermore, the approach and initial steps of modelling efforts of the sheath in the vicinity of the INTERBALL-2 spacecraft are described together with some estimates on the resulting spacecraft potential, and effects on thermal ion measurements. It is concluded that even moderate spacecraft potentials as are commonly observed on-board INTERBALL-2 can significantly distort the measurements of ion distribution functions, especially in the presence of strongly aniso-tropic distributions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-998-1086-6
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Concerning the generation of geomagnetic giant pulsations by drift-bounce resonance ring current instabilities (1999)
    Springer
    Annales geophysicae 17 (1999), S. 338-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 0992-7689
    Keywords: Magnetospheric physics (energetic particles, trapped; MHD waves and instabilities) ; Space plasma physics (wave-particle interactions)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Giant pulsations are nearly monochromatic ULF-pulsations of the Earth’s magnetic field with periods of about 100 s and amplitudes of up to 40 nT. For one such event ground-magnetic observations as well as simultaneous GEOS-2 magnetic and electric field data and proton flux measurements made in the geostationary orbit have been analysed. The observations of the electromagnetic field indicate the excitation of an odd-mode type fundamental field line oscillation. A clear correlation between variations of the proton flux in the energy range 30–90 keV with the giant pulsation event observed at the ground is found. Furthermore, the proton phase space density exhibits a bump-on-the-tail signature at about 60 keV. Assuming a drift-bounce resonance instability as a possible generation mechanism, the azimuthal wave number of the pulsation wave field may be determined using a generalized resonance condition. The value determined in this way, m = −21±4, is in accord with the value m = −27±6 determined from ground-magnetic measurements. A more detailed examination of the observed ring current plasma distribution function f shows that odd-mode type eigenoscillations are expected for the case ∂f/∂W ≥ 0, much as observed. This result is different from previous theoretical studies as we not only consider local gradients of the distribution function in real space, but also in velocity space. It is therefore concluded that the observed giant pulsation is the result of a drift-bounce resonance instability of the ring current plasma coupling to an odd-mode fundamental standing wave. The generation of the bump-on-the-tail distribution causing ≥f/≥W ≥ 0 can be explained due to velocity dispersion of protons injected into the ring current. Both this velocity dispersion and the necessary substorm activity causing the injection of protons into the nightside magnetosphere are observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-999-0338-4
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The electric field instrument on the polar satellite (1995)
    Springer
    Space science reviews 71 (1995), S. 583-596 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The Polar satellite carries a system of four wire booms in the spacecraft spin plane and two rigid booms along the spin axis. Each of the booms has a spherical sensor at its tip along with nearby guard and stub surfaces whose potentials relative to that of their sphere are controlled by associated electronics. The potential differences between opposite sphere pairs are measured to yield the three components of the DC to 〉1 MHz electric field. Spheres can also be operated in a mode in which their collected current is measured to give information on the plasma density and its fluctuations. The scientific studies to be performed by this experiment as well as the mechanical and electrical properties of the detector system are described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00751342
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE WAVE EXPERIMENT CONSORTIUM (WEC) (1997)
    Springer
    Space science reviews 79 (1997), S. 93-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract In order to get the maximum scientific return from available resources, the wave experimenters on Cluster established the Wave Experiment Consortium (WEC). The WEC's scientific objectives are described, together with its capability to achieve them in the course of the mission. The five experiments and the interfaces between them are shown in a general block diagram (Figure 1). WEC has organised technical coordination for experiment pre-delivery tests and spacecraft integration, and has also established associated working groups for data analysis and operations in orbit. All science operations aspects of WEC have been worked out in meetings with wide participation of investigators from the five WEC teams.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004927225495
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE ELECTRIC FIELD AND WAVE EXPERIMENT FOR THE CLUSTER MISSION (1997)
    Springer
    Space science reviews 79 (1997), S. 137-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The electric-field and wave experiment (EFW) on Cluster is designed to measure the electric-field and density fluctuations with sampling rates up to 36000 samples s-1. Langmuir probe sweeps can also be made to determine the electron density and temperature. The instrument has several important capabilities. These include (1) measurements of quasi-static electric fields of amplitudes up to 700 mV m-1 with high amplitude and time resolution, (2) measurements over short periods of time of up to five simualtaneous waveforms (two electric signals and three magnetic signals from the seach coil magnetometer sensors) of a bandwidth of 4 kHz with high time resolution, (3) measurements of density fluctuations in four points with high time resolution. Among the more interesting scientific objectives of the experiment are studies of nonlinear wave phenomena that result in acceleration of plasma as well as large- and small-scale interferometric measurements. By using four spacecraft for large-scale differential measurements and several Langmuir probes on one spacecraft for small-scale interferometry, it will be possible to study motion and shape of plasma structures on a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. This paper describes the primary scientific objectives of the EFW experiment and the technical capabilities of the instrument.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004975108657
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ACTIVE SPACECRAFT POTENTIAL CONTROL (1997)
    Springer
    Space science reviews 79 (1997), S. 271-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Charging of the outer surface or of the entire structure of a spacecraft in orbit can have a severe impact on the scientific output of the instruments. Typical floating potentials for magnetospheric satellites (from +1 to several tens of volts in sunlight) make it practically impossible to measure the cold (several eV) component of the ambient plasma. Effects of spacecraft charging are reduced by an entirely conductive surface of the spacecraft and by active charge neutralisation, which in the case of Cluster only deals with a positive potential. The Cluster spacecraft are instrumented with ion emitters of the liquid-metal ion-source type, which will produce indium ions at 5 to 8 keV energy. The operating principle is field evaporation of indium in the apex field of a needle. The advantages are low power consumption, compactness and high mass efficiency. The ion current will be adjusted in a feedback loop with instruments measuring the spacecraft potential (EFW and PEACE). A stand-alone mode is also foreseen as a back-up. The design and principles of the operation of the active spacecraft potential control instrument (ASPOC) are presented in detail. Flight experience with a similar instrument on the Geotail spacecraft is outlined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004921614592
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