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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 9 (1997), S. 347-357 
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: brown seaweed ; aerobic ; anaerobic ; alginate ; lyase ; polyphenols ; formaldehyde
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The alginate forms the major structural component of the cell wall and the intercellular matrix of the brown alga Ascophyllum nodosum. Successful biological degradation of A. nodosum would largely depend on the dissolution of the alginate, but reactive compounds in the alga such as polyphenols may also have toxic effects on the microbial population involved. Aerobic and anaerobic batch reactors, operated at 35°C and pH 7, were fed milled A. nodosum, nutrients and inocula adapted to seaweed degradation. The dominant factor for conversion of organic matter during anaerobic digestion was the inhibitory effect of the polyphenols on alginate lyases and methane production. Probably, the relative large fraction of high molecular weight polyphenols (〉10 kDa) in this alga gave efficient binding of proteins during digestion. The anaerobic degradation was greatly stimulated when the polyphenols were fixed with low amounts of formaldehyde. An accumulated content of guluronate in the remaining alginate indicated that Ca-crosslinking also limited the guluronate lyase access to the polymer. In contrast, the aerobic digestion of alga gave no increase in the guluronate content of the residual alginate. Compared to anaerobic conditions, the phenols had a much lower influence on the hydrolytic rate of organic matter during aerobic conditions.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 9 (1997), S. 157-166 
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: seaweed ; anaerobic ; degradation ; Laminaria hyperborea ; alginate ; lyase ; polyphenols
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Polyphenols and divalent metal ions present in the tissue may seriously affect the degradation of alginate during anaerobic digestion of brown seaweeds. Laminaria hyperborea stipes, harvested at 59 °N off the Norwegian coast in the autumn, were degraded at different concentrations of polyphenols in anaerobic batch reactors at 35 °C and pH 7. This was done by removing or adding the mechanically peeled outer phenolic layer of the algae, and using methanogenic and alginate degrading inocula already adapted to L. hyperborea degradation. Initial alginate released from the algal particles was affected by NaOH titrations because the Ca/Na-ratio was reduced. After a rapid consumption of the mannitol, alginate lyases were induced, and guluronate lyases showed the highest extracellular activity. Then the microbes digested 0.12–0.23 g Na-alginate L−1 h−1. Later the degradation rate of alginates declined almost to zero, and 13–50% of the alginate remained insoluble. The total solubilisation of alginates was apparently limited by both Ca-crosslinked guluronate residues and complexation with compounds such as polyphenols. The methane production had a lag phase that increased at higher amounts of soluble polyphenols, and the total fermentation probably also became product inhibited if soluble compounds such as acetate, ethanol and butyrate were accumulated.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The application of carotenoids as natural additives in various water-based or water-compatible formulations for the pigmentation of foods and feeds is seriously hampered by their insolubility in aqueous systems.Therefore, in order to develop the full potential of colour strength and to achieve a high degree of bioavailability during gastro intestinal passage, the coarse crystalline material has to be transformed into a microdisperse state.Exemplified with β-carotene, a novel non-mechanical process is described that transforms the carotenoids into a colloidal hydrosol characterized by an average particle size of about 0.1 μm.The process is based on the preparation of a transient high temperature solute state of the carotenoid in a water-miscible solvent, coupled with succeeding rapid aqueous precipitation in the presence of a stabilizing polymer colloid. The obtained hydrosols are characterized by photon-correlation-spectroscopy(size), and microelectrophoresis(colloidal stabilization).The bioavailability was tested by monitoring plasma levels of β-carotene in veal calves.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Hexakis(2,2,2-trifluorethoxy)cyclotriphosphazene (1b) reacts with borontrichloride at elevated temperatures to give a mixture of polymeric phosphazenes containing imino dichloro and imino bis(trifluoroethoxy)phosphoranetriyle units. The reaction was investigated by 31P NMR. Separation of several fractions of polymers was achieved by hexane/benzene solvent extraction. Molecular weights have been determined by means of membrane and/or vapor pressure osmometry. A reaction mechanism is discussed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Mixed chloro- and trifluoroethoxy substituted cyclotriphosphazenes 1a-d react with boron trichloride at elevated temperature to give mixed substituted polyphosphazenes of low molecular weight. The reaction was investigated by 31P NMR. Fractionation of the polymers was achieved by extraction with hexane/benzene. The low molecular weights are explained by a large amount of cyclophosphazenyl cations generated nearly simultaneously.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: 31P-NMR-spectra of (NPF2)x, (NPCl2)x, (NPBr2)x, and [NP(NCS)2]x were measured in the solid and, in some cases, in the gelatinous state and the chemical shifts were tabulated. In some experiments temperature and time dependence of the polymerization reactions were determined qualitatively. Intermediate products of the preparation of polyphosphazenes could be identified in part by their chemical shifts.
    Notes: Im festen und in einigen Fällen im gequollenen Zustand wurden die 31P-NMR-Spektren von (NPF2)x, (NPCl2)x, (NPBr2)x und [NP(NCS)2]x aufgenommen und die chemischen Verschiebungen festgestellt. In einigen Versuchsreihen wurden Temperatur- und Zeitabhängigkeit der Polymerisationsreaktion qualitativ bestimmt. Zum Teil konnten Zwischenprodukte der Darstellung von Polyphosphazenen anhand ihrer chemischen Verschiebung identifiziert werden.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (1) reacts with SbCl5 or BCl3 to produce long chain polymers, whereas AlCl 3 gives phosphazenyl cations. TiCl4 does not react and boric acid esters lead to an exchange of one ester group for one chlorine. 31P NMR-spectra were used to identify the reaction products. The molecular weights of the polymeric compounds were measured.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 192 (1991), S. 553-565 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A novel technique is described for the investigation of polyanions by direct polyelectrolyte titration. In connection with a specially developed phototitrator, an extremely high sensitivity can be reached using 3,6-ionene bromide as cationic titrant and eriochrome black T as metachromatic indicator for end-point detection. This enables both the determination of charge densities for polymer characterization as well as the detection of polymers in aqueous solution down to trace concentrations of 10 μg/L. Monovalent salt ions do not interfere with the titration up to concentrations of about 0,1 mol/L. Potential interference of divalent metal ions can be prevented by adding ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as chelating agent. The applicability of the method was proved by measuring charge densities of poly(sodium acrylate) (NaPAA) in the concentration range of 0,01 to 10 mg/L and of poly(potassium vinyl sulfate) (KPVS). As expected, the charge density of NaPAA decreases with a pH decrease from 11 to 7, whereas the charge density of KPVS is independent of pH.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1974), S. 1777-1788 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Properties and syntheses of heteroorganic oligomers (3a-e) from silylazides and ditertiary phosphines (2b-e), or tetraphenylbiphosphine (2a), respectively, are reported. One of the products (3a) has a complete inorganic skeleton of the atomic sequence SiNPPN. Molecular weight measurements of oligomers synthetized in solution give values of M̄n near 1000, those of substances prepared in bulk give rise to values up to 4 300 depending on the phosphine used. The reaction can be followed by IR-spectroscopic measurements: v(P=N) of the synthesized compounds is tabulated. 31P-NMR measurements are of particular importance, because they permit statements about end and middle groups, i.e. about the structure of the products.
    Notes: Es wird über Darstellung und Eigenschaften von heteroorganischen Oligomeren (3a-e). ausgehend von Silylaziden und ditertiären Phosphinen (2b-e) bzw. Tetraphenylbiphosphin (2a), berichtet. Eines der Produkte (3a) hat ein rein anorganisches Grundgerüst mit der Atomfolge SiNPPN. Molekulargewichtsbestimmungen von in Lösung synthetisierten Substanzen ergeben für M̄n Werte um 1000. Die Kondensation in Substanz führte zu Werten zwischen 2 400 und 4 300, je nach eingesetztem Phosphin. IR-spektroskopische Messungen gestatten es, den Verlauf der Reaktion zu verfolgen; die Lage von v(P=N) der synthetisierten Substanzen wird festgelegt. Von besonderer Wichtigkeit sind die 31P-NMR-Untersuchungen, da sie Aussagen hinsichtlich Mittel- und Endgruppen und damit über die Struktur der Produkte erlauben.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Macromolecules are covalently bonded to the surface of silicon dioxide by the termination reaction of living polymers with superficial chlorosilane groups. The covalent nature of the bond is proved by hydrolysis with HF/D2O and subsequent analysis of the hydrolysis products by mass spectrometry.Adsorption-, desorption experiments show that ten to one hundred times as much polymer is covalently bonded to the silica surface by the grafting reaction than by irreversible adsorption.The amount of coverage by polymer is dependent on reaction time, temperature, and chain length of the grafted polymer. Furthermore, the influence of the coil size and the degree of dissociation of the macroanions upon the amount of coverage by polymer can be determind by varying solvent and counterion. For silicon dioxides with different specific surface, the amount of coverage by polymer is also dependent on the number of reactive chlorosilane groups per unit surface of SiO2.The reaction rate of the grafting reaction is not controlled by the relatively fast termination reaction, but rather by diffusion processes of the macroanions through an interfacial layer of reacted polymer.Conversion-time measurements show that the reaction (up to 85% conversion) first-order, in relation to the freely accessible chlorosilane groups.The structure of the grafted polymer molecules can be described as ellipsoidically-deformed, in part mutually-penetrating random coils. This follows from considerations of the dimensions of the macromolecules in solution and from the area of the silicon dioxide surface occupied by grafted polymer molecules.
    Notes: Die Reaktion oberflächenständiger Chlorsilangruppen von Siliciumdioxiden mit Carbanionen lebender Polymerer wird untersucht. Durch die Abbruchreaktion werden Makromoleküle kovalent an die Oberfläche der Siliciumdioxide gebunden. Die kovalente Natur dieser Bindung wird durch hydrolytische Ablösung der Polymeren von der Oberfläche mit HF/D2O und nachfolgende massenspektrometrische Analyse der Hydrolyseprodukte aufgezeigt.Adsorptions-, Desorptionsversuche machen deutlich, daß durch die Pfropfungsreaktion wesentlich mehr Polymerers (ein bis zwei Größenordnungen) kovalent an die Oberfläche gebunden wird als irreversibel durch Adsorption.Die Belegungsmengen sind abhängig von Reaktionszeit, Reaktionstemperatur und Kettenlänge des Polymeren. Der Einfluß von Knäuelgröße und Dissoziationsgrad der reagierenden Makroanionen auf die Belegungsmenge ist durch Variation von Lösungsmittel und Gegenion bestimmbar. Bei Siliciumdioxiden unterschiedlicher spezifischer Oberfläche ist die Belegungsmenge weiter von der pro Flächeneinheit SiO2 vorhandenen Anzahl reaktionsfähiger Chlorsilangruppen abhängig.Geschwindigkeitsbestimmend für die Pfropfungsreaktion ist nicht die schnelle Abbruchreaktion, sondern der Transportprozeß des reagierenden Polymeren an die Oberfläche durch eine Diffusionsgrenzschicht, die durch bereits abreagierte Polymere gebildet wird. Zeit-Umsatz-Messungen zeigen, daß die Reaktion in weitem Bereich (bis 85% Umsatz) in erster Ordnung bezüglich der noch frei zugänglichen Chlorsilangruppen abläuft.Aus Betrachtungen über die Querschnittsfläche der Makromoleküle in Lösung und der Fläche, die diesen an der Oberfläche zur Verfügung steht, kann die Struktur der gebundenen Makromoleküle als elliptisch verformte, sich zum Teil durchdringende Knäuel beschrieben werden.
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