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  • Katabatic flows  (1)
  • bitumen-in-water emulsions  (1)
  • 1995-1999  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evening and Morning Transition of Katabatic Flows (1999)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 92 (1999), S. 195-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Downslope winds ; Katabatic flows ; Drainage fronts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An experimental investigation of the evening and morning transition phases of katabatic slope flows has been conducted to identify the mechanisms for their development and destruction over an isolated slope. The momentum and energy equations of the flow have been used to describe these mechanisms for the particular topographic features of the studied slope, and to outline the differences from the dynamics of well-developed simple slope flows. In the lowest portion of the slope, frontal characteristics have been identified in early evening periods when the local pre-existing near-surface thermal structure does not impose a katabatic acceleration. The frontal shape is determined by the near-surface thermal stability and ambient wind. The flow initiation is distinctly different when it is linked to the local surface cooling, in which case it develops gradually and produces a slight local warming. The erosion of the katabatic layer at mid-slope precedes that at the foot and is closely linked to dilution of the local surface inversion. The flow erosion at the foot is often delayed, as the warming of air proceeds uniformly at all heights near the ground, so maintaining the inversion due to warming produced by mixing and advective processes linked to the upslope flow development. The latter initiates first at mid-slope and then at the foot, where for a non-negligible time period it flows over the persistent katabatic flow. The prerequisite for the development of this structure is the maintenance of a shallow inversion in the first 2–3 m above the ground surface. The morning dilution of the katabatic flow is apparently different from common experience over simple slopes and may be attributed to the steep upper portion of the slope in association with its easterly orientation, which results in strong non-uniformity of the solar heating along the slope.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002070526425
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modified Booth equation for the calculation of zeta potential (1998)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 276 (1998), S. 117-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Key words: Modified Booth equation ; zeta potential ; electrophoretic mobility ; relaxation effect ; computer program ; Henry equation ; polystyrene latex particles ; bitumen-in-water emulsions ; ionic strength ; Debye length ; electrical double layer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract  An easy-to-use computer program based on the modified Booth equation (MBE) is developed to calculate the zeta potential of a spherical nonconducting particle from knowledge of the electrophoretic mobility, particle size, and the type and concentration of ions present in the solution. The program is applied to five sets of previously published literature data and the resulting zeta potentials are compared with the values given by the Henry equation to illustrate the extent of the relaxation effect in each case. In four cases, the output zeta potential data are compared with the corresponding values obtained from the rigorous numerical solution of O’Brien and White. Results indicate that the computer program developed here gives a reliable estimate of the zeta potential. The main advantage in using the MBE lies in its capability of calculating the zeta potential even for cases where the experimentally measured mobility exceeds the maximum theoretical mobility predicted by the O’Brien and White solution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003960050218
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