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  • 1
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    Molecular manipulation of microstructures: biomaterials, ceramics, and semiconductors (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-08-29
    Description: Organic molecules can alter inorganic microstructures, offering a very powerful tool for the design of novel materials. In biological systems, this tool is often used to create microstructures in which the organic manipulators are a minority component. Three groups of materials-biomaterials, ceramics, and semiconductors-have been selected to illustrate this concept as used by nature and by synthetic laboratories exploring its potential in materials technology. In some of nature's biomaterials, macromolecules such as proteins, glycoproteins, and polysaccharides are used to control nucleation and growth of mineral phases and thus manipulate microstructure and physical properties. This concept has been used synthetically to generate apatite-based materials that can function as artificial bone in humans. Synthetic polymers and surfactants can also drastically change the morphology of ceramic particles, impart new functional properties, and provide new processing methods for the formation of useful objects. Interesting opportunities also exist in creating semiconducting materials in which molecular manipulators connect quantum dots or template cavities, which change their electronic properties and functionality.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stupp, S I -- Braun, P V -- DE 05945/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Aug 29;277(5330):1242-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9271562" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biocompatible Materials ; Bone Substitutes ; *Ceramics ; Crystallization ; Glycoproteins/chemistry ; Humans ; Polysaccharides/chemistry ; Proteins/chemistry ; *Semiconductors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Dissociated pattern of activity in visual cortices and their projections during human rapid eye movement sleep (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-01-24
    Description: Positron emission tomography was used to measure cerebral activity and to evaluate regional interrelationships within visual cortices and their projections during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in human subjects. REM sleep was associated with selective activation of extrastriate visual cortices, particularly within the ventral processing stream, and an unexpected attenuation of activity in the primary visual cortex; increases in regional cerebral blood flow in extrastriate areas were significantly correlated with decreases in the striate cortex. Extrastriate activity was also associated with concomitant activation of limbic and paralimbic regions, but with a marked reduction of activity in frontal association areas including lateral orbital and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices. This pattern suggests a model for brain mechanisms subserving REM sleep where visual association cortices and their paralimbic projections may operate as a closed system dissociated from the regions at either end of the visual hierarchy that mediate interactions with the external world.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Braun, A R -- Balkin, T J -- Wesensten, N J -- Gwadry, F -- Carson, R E -- Varga, M -- Baldwin, P -- Belenky, G -- Herscovitch, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jan 2;279(5347):91-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Language Section, Voice Speech and Language Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. abraun@pop.nidcd.nih.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9417032" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Brain Mapping ; Dreams/physiology ; Hippocampus/blood supply/physiology ; Humans ; Limbic System/blood supply/*physiology ; Male ; Prefrontal Cortex/blood supply/*physiology ; Regional Blood Flow ; Sleep/physiology ; Sleep, REM/*physiology ; Tomography, Emission-Computed ; Visual Cortex/blood supply/*physiology ; Visual Pathways ; Wakefulness/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Asymmetry of chimpanzee planum temporale: humanlike pattern of Wernicke's brain language area homolog (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-01-31
    Description: The anatomic pattern and left hemisphere size predominance of the planum temporale, a language area of the human brain, are also present in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). The left planum temporale was significantly larger in 94 percent (17 of 18) of chimpanzee brains examined. It is widely accepted that the planum temporale is a key component of Wernicke's receptive language area, which is also implicated in human communication-related disorders such as schizophrenia and in normal variations such as musical talent. However, anatomic hemispheric asymmetry of this cerebrocortical site is clearly not unique to humans, as is currently thought. The evolutionary origin of human language may have been founded on this basal anatomic substrate, which was already lateralized to the left hemisphere in the common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans 8 million years ago.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gannon, P J -- Holloway, R L -- Broadfield, D C -- Braun, A R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jan 9;279(5348):220-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Otolaryngology and Arthur M. Fishberg Research Center for Neurobiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA. P_Gannon@smtplink.mssm.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9422693" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Communication ; *Dominance, Cerebral ; Functional Laterality ; Hominidae/anatomy & histology ; Humans ; *Language ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Pan troglodytes/*anatomy & histology ; Temporal Lobe/*anatomy & histology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    New experiments underscore warnings on maternal drinking (1996)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1996-08-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Braun, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1996 Aug 9;273(5276):738-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8701322" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alcohol Drinking/*adverse effects ; Animals ; Brain/drug effects/*embryology ; Ethanol/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; Female ; Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders/etiology ; Fetus/drug effects ; Humans ; Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex ; Long-Term Potentiation/*drug effects ; Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism ; Neurons/drug effects ; *Pregnancy ; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects ; Rats
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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