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  • General Chemistry  (15)
  • Organic Chemistry  (6)
  • 1995-1999  (21)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two-State Reactivity in Organometallic Gas-Phase Ion ChemistryDedicated to Sir Derek H. R. Barton (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 1393-1407 
    Details
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In contrast to organic reactions, which can almost always be described in terms of a single multiplicity, in organometallic systems, quite often more than one state may be involved. The phenomenon of two states of different multiplicities that determine the minimum-energy pathway of a reaction is classified as two-state reactivity (TSR). As an example, the ion/molecule reactions of ‘bare’ transition-metal-monoxide cations with dihydrogen and hydrocarbons have been analyzed in terms of the corresponding potential-energy hypersurfaces. It turns out that, besides classical factors, such as the barrier heights, the spin-orbit coupling factor is essential, since curve crossing between the high- and low-spin states constitutes a distinct mechanistic step along the reaction coordinates. Thus, TSR may evolve as a new paradigm for describing the chemistry of coordinatively unsaturated transition-metal complexes. This concept may contribute to the understanding of organometallic chemistry in general and for the development of oxidation catalysts in particular.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hlca.19950780602
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intermediacy of Proton-Bound Dimers and Ion/Dipole Complexes in the Unimolecular Decompositions of Dialkyl-Peroxide Radical Cations: Evidence for a coupled proton and hydrogen-atom transfer (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 1999-2010 
    Details
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The unimolecular fragmentation reactions of the radical cations of diethyl, diisopropyl, dipropyl, isopropyl propyl, and di(tert-butyl) peroxide have been investigated by mass spectrometric and isotopic labeling techniques. Two competing pathways for unimolecular decomposition in the μs time regime (metastable ions) are observed: i) A combination of an α-C—C bond cleavage and a H migration gives rise to proton-bound dimers of two ketone or aldehyde molecules. ii) Ion/dipole complexes of alkyl cations and alkylperoxy radicals are generated by C-O bond cleavage. These complexes either exhibit direct losses of alkylperoxy radicals, or they rearrange via a coupled proton and H-atom transfer, this sequence of unprecedented isomerizations is completed by losses of alkyl radicals. Collisional activation experiments confirm that the ionic products of the latter process correspond to RR′C=OOH+; these ions can be regarded as protonated carbonyl oxides. In addition, we observe the elimination of alkenes leading to hydroperoxide radical cations and the expulsion of HO2⋅ radicals. The latter process implies a C—C bond formation step between the two alkyl fragments leading to higher alkyl cations.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hlca.19950780808
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Theory-enforced Re-investigation of the Origin of the Large Metal-Carbon Bond Strength in PdCH2I+ and its reactions with unsaturated hydrocarbonsIn [1], a preliminary account of the reaction of ground-state Pd+ with CH3I is given.Dedicated to Edgar Heilbronner on the occasion of his 75th birthday (1996)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 79 (1996), S. 1110-1120 
    Details
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: State-of-the-art ab initio studies demonstrate that the reaction Pd+ + CH3I → PdCH2I+ + H. is endothermic by ca. 20 kcal/mol, which translates into a bond dissociation energy (BDE) of ca. 83 kcal/mol for the Pd+—CH2I bond. This figure is in agreement with an experimental bracket of 68 kcal/mol 〈 BDE(Pd+—CH2I) 〈 92 kcal/mol. Based on these findings, the previously studied Pd+/CH3I system was re-investigated, and double-resonance experiments demonstrate that the formation of PdCH2I+ occurs stepwise via PdCH3+ as a reactive intermediate. Further, ion/molecule reactions of PdCH2I+ with unsaturated hydrocarbons are studied, which reveal the formation of carbon-carbon bonds in the gas phase.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hlca.19960790419
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Unparalleled, Enormous Metal-Carbon Bond Strength in PdCH2I+Dedicated to Albert Eschenmoser on the occasion of his 70th birthday (1996)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 79 (1996), S. 1-5 
    Details
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Thermalized Pd+ cations activate methyl iodide by selective cleavage of a C—H bond under formation of PdCH2I+ and an H-atom. This finding implies that the interaction energy between the metal cation and the CH2I fragment and thus the metal-carbon bond strength exceeds 103 kcal/mol. Theory predicts that the energetically most favorable isomer of this ion exhibits the Pd+—CH2—I structure, which is stabilized by an unprecedented bridging interaction between the two heavy atoms Pd and I.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hlca.19960790102
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Substituent Effects on Fe+-Mediated [4+2] Cycloadditions in the Gas Phase (1997)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 80 (1997), S. 1205-1220 
    Details
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Fe+-mediated [4+2] cycloaddition of dienes with alkynes has been examined by four-sector ion-beam and ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Prospects and limitations of this reaction were evaluated by investigating several Me-substituted ligands. Me Substitution at C(2) and C(3) of the diene, i.e., 2-methylbuta-1,3-diene, 2,3-dimethylbuta-1,3-diene, hardly disturbs the cycloaddition. Similarly, variation of the alkyne by use of propyne and but-2-yne does not affect the [4+2] cycloaddition step, but allows for H/D exchange processes prior to cyclization. In contrast, Me substituents in the terminal positions of the diene moiety (e.g., penta-1,3-diene, liexa-2,4-diene) induce side reactions, namely double-bond migration followed by [3+2] and [5+2] cycloadditions, up to almost complete suppression of the [4+2] cycloaddition for 2,4-dimethylhexa-2,4-diene. Similarly, alkynes with larger alkyl substituents (pent-1-yne, 3,3-dimethylbut-1-yne) suppress the [4 + 2] cycloaddition route. Stereochemical effects have been observed for the (E)- and (Z)-penta-1,3-diene ligands as well as for (E,E)- and (E,Z)-hexa-2,4-diene. A mechanistic explanation for the different behavior of the stereoisomers in the cyclization reaction is developed. Further, the regiochemical aspects operative in the systems ethoxyacetylene/pentadiene/Fe+ and ethoxyacetylcne/isoprene/Fe+ indicate that substituents avoid proximity.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hlca.19970800418
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gas-Phase Reactions of Aliphatic Alcohols with ‘Bare’ FeO+ (1996)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 79 (1996), S. 123-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ion/molecule reactions of ‘bare’ FeO+ with linear and branched aliphatic alcohols have been examined by Fourier-transform ion-cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Depending on the chain length of the alcohol, three different types of reactions can be distinguished: (i) Oxidation of the alcohols in the α-positions, to yield the corresponding carbonyl-Fe+ complexes, involves an initial O—H bond activation of the alcohol resulting in the formation of RO—Fe+—OH as the central intermediate. (ii) The formation of Fe(OH)2+, concomitant by loss of the corresponding neutral alkenes, competes with the generation of neutral OFeOH and a carbocation R+. These couples point to the existence of an intracomplex acid-base equilibrium and are connected with each other by a proton transfer from either acid to the other, e.g. i-C3H7+ + OFeOH⇄C3H6 + Fe(OH)2+. The process is driven by the Lewis acidity of FeO+ and starts with the abstraction of a hydroxide anion from the alcohol. (iii) For longer alcohols, e.g. pentanol, functionalization of non-activated C—H bonds which are remote from the O functionality is observed. Here, the OH group of the alcohol serves as an anchor, which directs the reactive metal-oxide cation toward a particular site of the hydrocarbon chain.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hlca.19960790113
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bimolecular Gas-Phase Reactions of d-Block Transition-Metal Cations With Dimethyl Peroxide: Trends Across the Periodic Table (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. 608-613 
    Details
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: gas-phase chemistry ; mass spectrometry ; periodic trends ; peroxides ; transition-metal ions ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The bimolecular gas-phase reactions of d-block transition-metal cations M+ with dimethyl peroxide were screened by means of Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. The rich chemistry can be classified into four types of reactions: i) Oxygen-atom transfer to generate MO+, ii) elimination of radicals, mostly CH3O·, iii) intramolecular redox reaction of dimethyl peroxide to form CH3OH, CH2O and CO, and iv) charge transfer from the metal cation to produce CH3OOCH3+. Some general trends became apparent from this study. For example, the “early” transition metals almost exclusively induce oxygen transfer to generate MO+, in line with the notoriously high oxophilicities of these metals, and electron transfer is only observed for Zn+ and Hg+. Both the radical loss and the disproportionation reaction emerge from a rovibrationally highly excited insertion intermediate (CH3O)2M+, and for the first-row metals the branching ratio of the competing processes seems to be affected by the M+—OR bond strengths as well as the electronic groundstate configurations of M+. For the 4d and 5d cations Ru+—Ag+ and Pt+—Au+, respectively, products resulting from intramolecular redox reactions dominate; this probably reflects the higher propensity of these metal ions to facilitate β-hydrogen atom shifts.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.19950010907
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Redox Properties of the Diatomic Bare Iron Chalcogenides FeO and FeS in the Gas PhaseDedicated to Professor Helmut Baumgartel on the occasion of his 60th birthday (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 2 (1996), S. 1230-1234 
    Details
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: ab initio calculations ; iron oxide ; iron sulfide ; mass spectrometry ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The electron-transfer behavior of the binary iron chalcogenides FeO and FeS has been examined by means of mass spectrometry and ab initio calculations using the averaged coupled-pair functional (ACPF) method. The experimental and theoretical results are in good agreement with each other and also with previous studies. The ionization energies (IE) of the diatomic species are found to be IE(FeO) = 8.8±0.2 eV, IE(FeO+) = 17.9±0.4 eV, IE(FeS) = 8.3±0.3 eV, and IE(FeS+) = 16.3±0.5 eV. Two new diatomic dications, FeS2+ and FeO2+, are shown to exist as metastable minima on the corresponding potential-energy surfaces. The data enable an evaluation of the intrinsic gas-phase redox properties of FeS and FeO, and the comparison demonstrates that iron sulfide is more prone to undergo facile reduction and oxidation than iron oxide.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.19960021008
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Generation of 1,3-Dithia-, 1-Selena-3-thia-, and 1,3-Diselena-2-tellurole by Neutralization-Reionization Mass Spectrometry⋆ (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 983-987 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Telluroles ; Neutralization-reionization mass spectrometry ; DFT calculations ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 2,2-Dichloro-1,3-dichalcogena-2-telluroles of sulfur and selenium, C6H4[XTe(Cl)2Y] with X, Y = S, Se, serve as precursors to generate the cation radicals of 1,3-dichalcogena-2-telluroles C6H4[XTeY]+• as well as the corresponding neutral counterparts by means of neutralization-reionization mass spectrometry. These neutral 2-telluroles are intrinsically stable for at least 1 μs in the gas phase. The most abundant fragmentation channel at the neutral and cationic stages is due to loss of atomic tellurium to afford the corresponding benzo-1,2-dichalcogena-cyclobutenes. For the latter, partial isomerization to the related dichalcogena-ortho-quinones is indicated by the mass-spectrometric fragmentation pattern.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Combined Quantum Chemical and Mass Spectrometry Study of [Ge,C,H]+ and Its Neutral Counterpart (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1999 (1999), S. 1203-1210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Organogermanium ions ; Mass spectrometry ; Ab initio theory ; NBO ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The cation [Ge,C,H]+ has been generated by the electron ionisation of trichloromethylgermane. Collisional activation experiments were used to establish a Ge-C-H connectivity in this species, for which a significant fraction of the ion population was found to survive neutralisation-reionisation mass spectrometry (NRMS) experiments. Thus, the neutral counterpart [Ge,C,H]0 is stable on a microsecond timescale. Becke's 3 parameter hybrid density functional (B3LYP) was used to map the ion and neutral potential-energy surfaces, in conjunction with double-zeta and triple-zeta basis sets. The computational results obtained using the triple-zeta basis sets suggest that, for the cation, the global minimum is the high spin 3Σ GeCH+, with the first Ge-C-H excited state, 1Σ GeCH+, approximately 39 kcal mol-1 less stable. The lowest energy ion structure with H-Ge-C connectivity is bent (3A′′HGeC+,∠H-Ge-C = 126.3) and 69 kcal mol-1 less stable than the global minimum. For the neutral, a doublet (2π) with Ge-C-H connectivity is predicted to be the global minimum. The classical barrier for the neutral 1,2-hydrogen shift reaction on the doublet surface is negligible (0.1 kcal mol-1), while the smallest barrier for the cation is 13.0 kcal mol-1, corresponding to (3A′′) HGeC+ → (3Σ) GeCH+. Natural bond order analysis has been used to establish the order of the metal-carbon bond for selected states of both the neutral and the ion. Neutral and cationic isomers with Ge-C triple bonds were found to be high-energy excited states, with the metal-carbon bonds in the cation and neutral ground states of order 2.0 and 2.5, respectively. The instability of Ge-C triple bonded species is attributed to the energy required for electronic promotion in the metal in order to achieve a hybrid configuration suitable for the formation of such a bond.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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