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  • Cry1Ea4  (1)
  • Fermentation  (1)
  • 1995-1999  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cloning and expression of the cry1Ea4 gene of Bacillus thuringiensis and the comparative toxicity of its gene product (1998)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1998), S. 437-441 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Bacillus thuringiensis ; Cry1Ea4 ; novel protein ; sequencing ; toxicity comparison
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract A new cry gene (cry1Ea4) was cloned and sequenced from a Bacillus thuringiensis isolate native to Mexico (LBIT-147). The gene coded for a 133kDa protoxin which had greater than 99% homology with the holotype Cry1Ea1, as only four mismatches were found between the two amino acid sequences. When the Cry1Ea4 toxin was expressed in a crystal-negative strain of B. thuringiensis, bipyramidal crystals were produced. Purified crystals from this recombinant strain and from the holotype (Cry1Ea1) were bioassayed against first instar larvae of the tobacco hornworm. Statistically different mean LC50 values indicated that Cry1Ea4 was more toxic than its holotype. This increase in toxicity may be attributed to the three amino acids which differ from the holotype sequence in the toxic fragment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008833815965
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Digesta passage and functional anatomy of the digestive tract in the desert tortoise (Xerobates agassizii) (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 165 (1995), S. 193-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Keywords: Digestion ; Fibre ; Fermentation ; Particle-size ; Reptile ; Xerobates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The herbivorous tortoise Xerobates agassizii contents with large fluctuations in the quality and abundance of desert pastures. Responses to grass (Schismus barbatus), herbage (Sphaeralcea ambigua) and pelleted diets were studied in captive animals. Digestive anatomy was investigated in wild tortoises. Cornified esophageal epithelia and numerous mucus glands along the digestive tract indicated a resistance to abrasive diets. Gastric contents were acidic whereas hindgut digesta were near neutral pH. The colon was the primary site of fermentation with short-chain fatty acids mainly comprised of acetate (69–84%), propionate (10–15%) and n-butyrate (1–12%). Fibre digestion was extensive and equivalent to 22–64% of digestible energy intakes. Large particles of grass (25 mm Crmordants) were excreted as a pulse but retained longer than either fluids (Co-EDTA) or fine particles (2 mm; Yb). Patterns of marker excretion suggested irregular mixing of only the fluid and fine particulate digesta in the stomach and the colon. Mean retention times of Crmordants were 14.2–14.8 days on the grass and highfibre pellets. Intakes of grass were low and accompanied by smaller estimates of digesta fill than for the high-fibre pellets. Digestive capacity was large and estimated at 11–21% of body mass on these diets. The capacious but simple digestive anatomy of the tortoise may provide the greatest flexibility in utilizing a variety of forages in its unreliable habitat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260810
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