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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of the sequence distribution and stereoregularity of ethyl α-benzoyloxymethylacrylate-methyl methacrylate copolymers by means of proton and carbon-13 NMR (1997)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 35 (1997), S. 3483-3493 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: 1H-NMR ; 13C-NMR ; ethyl α-benzoyloxymethylacrylate ; methyl methacrylate ; copolymers ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Proton and Carbon-13 NMR spectra of ethyl α-benzoyloxymethylacrylate (E)-methyl methacrylate (M) copolymers were analyzed in terms of sequence distribution and stereoregularity of monomer units. The copolymers were prepared by free radical polymerization in benzene at 50°C. The methoxy region of the M proton signal resonance was found to be sensitive to the copolymer composition for M-centred sequences. The carbon-13 NMR spectra of the EM copolymers, in particular the carbonyl signal resonances of carbomethoxy and carboethoxy groups, are discussed in terms of M- and E-centred configurational sequences. The experimental values were in excellent agreement with those calculated taken into account the terminal copolymerization model and Bernoullian distribution of stereoregularity with the statistical parameters determined from reactivity ratios rE = 0.32 and rM = 1.34 and the coisotacticity parameters σMM = 0.22, σEE = 0.70, and σME = σEM = σ = 0.30. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 35: 3483-3493, 1997
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modeling of biomass productivity in tubular photobioreactors for microalgal cultures: Effects of dilution rate, tube diameter, and solar irradiance (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 58 (1998), S. 605-616 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: solar irradiance ; tubular photobioreactor ; microalgal culture ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A macromodel is developed for estimating the year-long biomass productivity of outdoor cultures of microalga in tubular photobioreactors. The model evaluates the solar irradiance on the culture surface as a function of day of the year and the geographic location. In a second step, the geometry of the system is taken into account in estimating the average irradiance to which the cells are exposed. Finally, the growth rate is estimated as a function of irradiance, taking into account photoinhibition and photolimitation. The model interconnects solar irradiance (an environmental variable), tube diameter (a design variable), and dilution rate (an operating variable). Continuous cultures in two different tubular photobioreactors were analyzed using the macromodel. The biomass productivity ranged from 0.50 to 2.04 g L-1 d-1, and from 1.08 to 2.76 g L-1 d-1, for the larger and the smaller tube diameter photobioreactors, respectively. The quantum yield ranged from 1.1 to 2.2 g E-1; the higher the incident solar radiation, the lower the quantum yield. Simultaneous photolimitation and photoinhibition of outdoor cultures was observed. The model reproduced the experimental results with less than 20% error. If photoinhibition was neglected, and a growth model that considered only photolimitation was used to fit the data, the error increased to 45%, thus reflecting the inadequacy of previous outdoor growth models that disregard photoinhibition. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 58: 605-616, 1998.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A model for light distribution and average solar irradiance inside outdoor tubular photobioreactors for the microalgal mass culture (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 55 (1997), S. 701-714 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: tubular photobioreactors ; light distribution ; average solar irradiance ; light attenuation ; microalgae mass culture ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical model to estimate the solar irradiance profile and average light intensity inside a tubular photobioreactor under outdoor conditions is proposed, requiring only geographic, geometric, and solar position parameters. First, the length of the path into the culture traveled by any direct or disperse ray of light was calculated as the function of three variables: day of year, solar hour, and geographic latitude. Then, the phenomenon of light attenuation by biomass was studied considering Lambert-Beer's law (only considering absorption) and the monodimensional model of Cornet et al. (1900) (considering absorption and scattering phenomena). Due to the existence of differential wavelength absorption, none of the literature models are useful for explaining light attenuation by the biomass. Therefore, an empirical hyperbolic expression is proposed. The equations to calculate light path length were substituted in the proposed hyperbolic expression, reproducing light intensity data obtained in the center of the loop tubes. The proposed model was also likely to estimate the irradiance accurately at any point inside the culture. Calculation of the local intensity was thus extended to the full culture volume in order to obtain the average irradiance, showing how the higher biomass productivities in a Phaeodactylum tricornutum UTEX 640 outdoor chemostat culture could be maintained by delaying light limitation. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 55: 701-714, 1997.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetic study of free-radical copolymerization of ethyl α-benzoyloxymethylacrylate with methyl methacrylate in benzene (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Macromolecular Rapid Communications 16 (1995), S. 503-512 
    Details
    ISSN: 1022-1336
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: From a phenomenological point of view, the Mayo-Lewis terminal model can describe both copolymer composition and the variation of copolymerization rate for the ethyl α-benzoyloxymethylacrylate/methyl methacrylate/benzene/2,2′-azoisobutyronitrile system.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.1995.030160708
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Novel dinuclear cyclometallated complexes of palladium(II) derived from N,N-(2,5-dichloro)terephthalylidenebis(cyclohexylamine) via oxidative additionDedicated to Professor Joachim Strähle on the Occasion of his 60th Birthday (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 623 (1997), S. 844-848 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Palladium ; Bidentate Schiff base ; Cyclometallation ; Oxidative Addition ; tertiary phosphine ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Neue Dinukleare Cyclometallierte Komplexe von Palladium(II) durch oxidative Addition mit N,N-(2,5-dichloro)terephthalylidenbis(cyclohexylamin)Die oxidative Addition der zweizähnigen Schiff-Base 1,4-(CyN=CH)2-2,5-CI2C6H2 an Tris(dibenzylidenaceton)dipalladium(0) ergab den dicyclopalladierten Komplex [(Cl)PdN(Cy)=C(H)C6H2C(H)=N(Cy)Pd(Cl)]n (1). Die Umsetzung von 1 mit LiBr ergab das analoge Bromoderivat [(Br)PdN(Cy)=C(H)C6H2C(H)=N(Cy)Pd(Br)]n (2). Reaktionen von 1 oder 2 mit tertiären Phosphinen in den Molverhältnissen 1:2 bzw. 1:4 führten zu den entsprechen den dinuklearen, cyclometallierten Komplexen [(L)(X)PdN(Cy)=C(H)C6H2C(H)=N(Cy)Pd(X)(L)] (3-9) und den nicht-cyclometallierten Komplexen [(L)2(X)PdN(Cy)=C(H)C6H2C(H)=N(Cy)Pd(X)(L)2] (10-14) (X = Cl, Br; L = PPh3, PEtPh2, PEt2Ph, PMePh2). Die Behandlung von 1 bzw. 2 mit Thalliumacetylacetonat führte zu dem dinuklearen, cyclometallierten Komplex [(MeCOCHCOMe)PdN(Cy)=C(H)C6H2C(H)=N(Cy)Pd(MeCOCHCOMe)] (15).
    Notes: The oxidative addition of the bidentate Schiff base 1,4-(CyN=CH)2-2,5-Cl2C6H2 to tris(dibenzylideneacetone) dipalladium(0) gave the dicyclopalladated complex [(Cl)PdN(Cy)=C(H)C6H2C(H)=N(Cy)Pd(Cl)]n (1). Treatment of 1 with LiBr gave the analogous bromo derivative [(Br)PdN(Cy)=C(H)C6H2C(H)=N(Cy)Pd(Br)]n (2). Reaction of 1 or of 2 with tertiary phosphines in 1:2 or 1:4 molar ratios gave the dinuclear cyclometallated [(L)(X)PdN(Cy)=C(H)C6H2C(H)=N(Cy)Pd(X)(L)] (3-9), and non-cyclometallated complexes [(L)2(X)PdN(Cy)=C(H)C6H2C(H)=N(Cy)Pd(X)(L)2] (10-14) (X = Cl, Br; L = PPh3, PEtPh2, PEt2Ph, PMePh2, as appropriate), respectively, Treatment of 1 or of 2 with thallium acetylacetonate gave the dinuclear cyclometallated complex [(MeCOCHCOMe)PdN(Cy)=C(H)C6H2C(H)=N(Cy)Pd(MeCOCHCOMe)] (15).
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.199762301133
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic typing with HUMTH01, HUMVWA31A and HUMFES/FPS short tandem repeat loci, D1S80 variable number tandem repeat locus and HLA-DQα of recent and from XII-XIII centuries spongy bone (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electrophoresis 16 (1995), S. 1612-1616 
    Details
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Keywords: Short tandem repeats ; Histocompatibility antigen ; Postmortem DNA ; Ancient DNA ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The genetic analysis of ancient populations through DNA from bone remains, requires the use of short sized loci that can be amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for which the short tandem repeat (STR) loci are most suitable. These techniques can also be applied to genetic identification in forensic casework. In this study three STR loci, HUMFES/FPS, HUMTH01 and HUMVWA31A, were selected to estimate their usefulness when applied to recent and ancient spongy bone DNA typing. In addition, loci D1S80 and HLA DQα were also tested in the analysis of recent spongy bone DNA. The recent remains studied were constituted by ten spongy bone samples of postmortem material from one individual buried for 1 year. The ancient remains are composed by 8 spongy bone samples from the heads of left femurs from a XII-XIII Centuries Basque Country population. Adequate amplification and typing results could only be obtained with cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB)-extracted DNA, without any further purification after precipitation. Genotypes of the one year post-mortem material and those of his son and his wife were obtained at the D1S80, HLA-DQα, and STR loci. In all these systems, no exclusion was observed, with a combined probability of paternity of 0.9997. This demonstrates the reliability of the obtained results. The genetic typing of HUMTH01 in spongy bone from the XII-XIII Centuries Basque Country individuals was also performed. This will allow the genetic analysis on ancient bone remains and therefore, to carry out evolutionary population studies.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.11501601266
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Poly(α-isobutyl-β-D,L-aspartate)s: Polymerization effects on configuration and crystal structure of the stereocopolymers (1996)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 34 (1996), S. 1959-1968 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: optically active polyamides ; helical nylons ; nylon-3 ; poly(β-amide)s ; poly(β-aspartate)s ; poly(α-isobutyl-β-L-aspartate) ; stereoselective polymerization ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Different polymerization methods were used for the preparation of poly(α-isobutyl-β-D,L-aspartate)s containing variable ratios of D- to L-aspartic units and the microstructure of the resulting stereocopolymers was examined by NMR spectroscopy. Anionic ring-opening polymerization in solution of enantiomeric mixtures of α-isobutyl-β-D- and L-aspartalactams was found to proceed stereoselectively rendering block copolymers composed of right- and left-handed helical sequences. Configurationally statistical copolymers were obtained instead when the enantiomeric lactam mixtures were polymerized in the bulk. Random stereocopolymers could be prepared also by polycondensation in solution of mixtures of pentachlorophenyl α-isobutyl-β-D and -L-aspartates. The conformation in solution and the crystal structure of the resulting copolymers were investigated in connection with their stereochemical configuration and these features compared with those displayed by optically pure poly(α-isobutyl-β-L-aspartate). © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetic study of high-conversion copolymerization of butyl acrylate with methyl methacrylate in solution (1997)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 35 (1997), S. 1961-1965 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: BA/MMA/benzene copolymerization ; high conversion ; copolymerization kinetics ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Butyl acrylate (BA) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) have been copolymerized in a 3 mol/L benzene solution using 2,2′-azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) as initiator over a wide composition and conversion range. The overall copolymerization parameter kp/kt1/2 and the composition of the copolymer formed have been measured as a function of conversion. Theoretical values of the coupled parameter kp/kt1/2 calculated from the implicit penultimate unit model and those of cumulative copolymer composition, determined from the Mayo - Lewis terminal model, have been correlated with those experimentally obtained. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 35: 1961-1965, 1997
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metal-catalyzed carbenoid reactions with iodonium and sulfonium ylides (1998)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 11 (1998), S. 321-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: metal-catalyzed carbenoid reactions ; iodonium ylides ; sulfonium ylides ; Chemistry ; Theoretical, Physical and Computational Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Transition metal-catalyzed decomposition of phenyliodonium and diphenylsulfonium ylides was investigated with regard to application in asymmetric carbenoid reactions. Phenyliodonium ylides react in the presence of Rh(II) catalysts with the same selectivity in inter- and intramolecular cyclopropanations as the corresponding diazo compounds, and intramolecular CH insertions proceed with identical enantioselectivities. With diphenylsulfonium ethoxycarbonylmethylide the Cu(I)-catalyzed cyclopropanation of olefins affords trans/cis ratios and asymmetric inductions identical with those of diazo compounds, but with Rh(II) catalysts some small, although significant, selectivity variations occur, which are ascribed to coordination of diphenyl sulfide to one of the coordination sites of the catalyst. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Degradation and racemization of zopiclone enantiomers in plasma and partially aqueous solutions (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 7 (1995), S. 267-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: chirality ; cyclopyrrolone ; isomers ; racemization ; stability ; zopiclone ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We investigated the degradation and racemization of zopiclone (ZOP) enantiomers in plasma and partially aqueous solutions (ethanol:phosphate buffer). Degradation and racemization increased with increasing pH and temperature. Degradation products were identified by means of mass spectrometry, which revealed hydrolysis of the carbamate function and opening of the pyrrolidone ring. In plasma, neither degradation nor racemization occurred after 6 months of storage at -20°C and subsequent extraction. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530070413
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