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  • Chemistry  (9)
  • Querschnittsregression  (2)
  • Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
  • 1995-1999  (11)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    OR spectrum 20 (1998), S. 123-134 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter: Arbitrage Pricing Theory ; Faktorenmodelle ; Portfolio Management ; Querschnittsregression ; Key words: Arbitrage Pricing Theory ; factor models ; portfolio management ; cross-sectional regression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract. In the last ten years multiple factor models were widely used both in the academic and the real world as the leading paradigm describing the behavior of stock returns. Unfortunately, so far academic research has not succeeded in theoretically deriving which factors influence stock returns. An important class of APT models are the fundamental factor models. They rely on the empirical finding that company attributes such as market capitalization, book to market ratio, dividend yield, etc. are posited to have an impact on average stock returns. As a result of a multiple cross-sectional regression one determines which variables have discriminatory power, i.e. have significant factor returns. Another important class of APT models are the macroeconomic factor models. These models assume that the addition of macroeconomic variables leads to an improvement in the explanation of the cross-section of expected returns. A security's sensitivities to the factors are called the factor betas of the security. The macroeconomic factor models estimate a firm's factor betas by time-series regression. In the present paper it is shown that empirical tests of multiple factor models based on the cross-section of sample mean returns may be misleading. In general, the empirical studies are based on a pricing relation that contains idiosyncratic risk. Then, the correct econometric specification results in a cross-sectional regression model that can no longer be estimated because there are asset specific intercepts. Estimating a traditional cross-sectional relationship between sample mean returns and factor betas (including a single intercept) renders the least squares estimates of the regression coefficients biased. As a consequence conclusions about the significance of the included risk factors are wrong. Therefore, some of the “anomalies” found in empirical studies may be due to this bias. Moreover, it is shown that even in the case of an exact pricing relation the underlying factors of the return generating process must be known. However, this contradicts the attempt to identify the risk factors empirically using a cross-sectional regression model.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung. In jüngerer Zeit werden in zunehmendem Maße Ansätze der Arbitrage Pricing Theory im praktischen Portfoliomanagement eingesetzt. Eine wichtige Klasse stellen die „fundamentalen Faktoren-Mo-delle“ dar, bei denen unternehmensspezifische Variablen, wie z.B. Kurs/Gewinn-Verhältnis, Quotient aus Buch- und Marktwert, Dividendenrendite, Unternehmensgröße, historische Betas, als bewertungsrelevante Risikofakto-ren vorab spezifiziert und in einem statistischen Querschnittsregressionsmodell empirisch auf Signifikanz geprüft werden. Eine andere Klasse von APT-Ansätzen spezifiziert die Faktoren durch makroökonomische Variablen, z.B. Inflationsrate, Zins oder Ölpreis. In einem ersten Schritt werden anhand von Zeitreihenregressionen die Sensitivitäten (Faktor-Betas) bezüglich der makroökonomischen Faktoren geschätzt, im zweiten Schritt wird die Querschnittsbeziehung zwischen Renditen und Sensitivitäten analysiert. Die zu den statistisch signifikanten Sensitivitäten gehörenden makroökonomischen Variablen werden als bewertungsrelevant angesehen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird gezeigt, daß eine derartige Vorgehensweise in aller Regel nicht gerechtfertigt ist und zu unzutreffenden Schlußfolgerungen in bezug auf die Bewertungsrelevanz der Risikofaktoren führen kann. Es zeigt sich, daß die den empirischen Tests zugrundeliegende Bewertungsgleichung im allgemeinen unsystematisches Risiko enthält. Als Folge davon sind sämtliche Schätzungen der Regressionskoeffizienten in der Querschnittsregression verzerrt. Damit sind die Beurteilung der Signifikanz der in den Ansatz aufgenommenen Variablen und der Versuch, die Faktoren empirisch zu identifizieren, nicht mehr möglich. Ferner wird gezeigt, daß auch in dem unrealistischen Fall einer exakten Faktorbewertung ohne unsystematisches Risiko die den Renditegenerierungsprozeß determinierenden Faktoren bekannt sein müssen. Dies steht jedoch exakt im Widerspruch zu den im Portfoliomanagement eingesetzten Ansätzen, die die bewertungsrelevanten Risikofaktoren auf empirischem Weg anhand eines statistischen Querschnittsmodells identifizieren möchten.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    OR spectrum 20 (1998), S. 123-134 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Arbitrage Pricing Theory ; Faktorenmodelle ; Portfolio Management ; Querschnittsregression ; Arbitrage Pricing Theory ; factor models ; portfolio management ; cross-sectional regression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract In the last ten years multiple factor models were widely used both in the academic and the real world as the leading paradigm describing the behavior of stock returns. Unfortunately, so far academic research has not succeeded in theoretically deriving which factors influence stock returns. An important class of APT models are the fundamental factor models. They rely on the empirical finding that company attributes such as market capitalization, book to market ratio, dividend yield, etc. are posited to have an impact on average stock returns. As a result of a multiple cross-sectional regression one determines which variables have discriminatory power, i.e. have significant factor returns. Another important class of APT models are the macroeconomic factor models. These models assume that the addition of macroeconomic variables leads to an improvement in the explanation of the cross-section of expected returns. A security's sensitivities to the factors are called the factor betas of the security. The macroeconomic factor models estimate a firm's factor betas by time-series regression. In the present paper it is shown that empirical tests of multiple factor models based on the cross-section of sample mean returns may be misleading. In general, the empirical studies are based on a pricing relation that contains idiosyncratic risk. Then, the correct econometric specification results in a cross-sectional regression model that can no longer be estimated because there are asset specific intercepts. Estimating a traditional cross-sectional relationship between sample mean returns and factor betas (including a single intercept) renders the least squares estimates of the regression coefficients biased. As a consequence conclusions about the significance of the included risk factors are wrong. Therefore, some of the “anomalies” found in empirical studies may be due to this bias. Moreover, it is shown that even in the case of an exact pricing relation the underlying factors of the return generating process must be known. However, this contradicts the attempt to identify the risk factors empirically using a cross-sectional regression model.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In jüngerer Zeit werden in zunehmendem Maße Ansätze der Arbitrage Pricing Theory im praktischen Portfoliomanagement eingesetzt. Eine wichtige Klasse stellen die „fundamentalen Faktoren-Modelle“ dar, bei denen unternehmensspezifische Variablen, wie z.B. Kurs/Gewinn-Verhältnis, Quotient aus Buch- und Marktwert, Dividendenrendite, Unternehmensgröße, historische Betas, als bewertungsrelevante Risikofaktoren vorab spezifiziert und in einem statistischen Querschnittsregressionsmodell empirisch auf Signifikanz geprüft werden. Eine andere Klasse von APT-Ansätzen spezifiziert die Faktoren durch makroökonomische Variablen, z.B. Inflationsrate, Zins oder Ölpreis. In einem ersten Schritt werden anhand von Zeitreihenregressionen die Sensitivitälen (Faktor-Betas) bezüglich der makroökonomischen Faktoren geschätzt, im zweiten Schritt wird die Querschnittsbeziehung zwischen Renditen und Sensitivitäten analysiert. Die zu den statistisch signifikanten Sensitivitäten gehörenden makroökonomischen Variablen werden als bewertungsrelevant angesehen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird gezeigt, daß eine derartige Vorgehensweise in aller Regel nicht gerechtfertigt ist und zu unzutreffenden Schlußfolgerungen in bezug auf die Bewertungsrelevanz der Risikofaktoren führen kann. Es zeigt sich, daß die den empirischen Tests zugrundeliegende Bewertungsgleichung im allgemeinen unsystematisches Risiko enthält. Als Folge davon sind sämtliche Schätzungen der Regressionskoeffizienten in der Querschnittsregression verzerrt. Damit sind die Beurteilung der Signifikanz der in den Ansatz aufgenommenen Variablen und der Versuch, die Faktoren empirisch zu identifizieren, nicht mehr möglich. Ferner wird gezeigt, daß auch in dem unrealistischen Fall einer exakten Faktorbewertung ohne unsystematisches Risiko die den Renditegenerierungsprozeß determinierenden Faktoren bekannt sein müssen. Dies steht jedoch exakt im Widerspruch zu den im Portfoliomanagement eingesetzten Ansätzen, die die bewertungsrelevanten Risikofaktoren auf empirischem Weg anhand eines statistischen Querschnittsmodells identifizieren möchten.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 56 (1995), S. 1599-1605 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polypropylene/polyamide-6 (70:30) blends, containing dispersed discrete polyamide-6 microphases as matrix reinforcement, represent attractive materials for engineering applications. In order to enhance impact resistance, ethene/propene (EPM) was incorporated as a second separately dispersed microphase using reactive blending technology. Blend morphologies were controlled by adding maleic-anhydride-grafted-polypropylene (PP-g-MA) as compatibilizer during melt processing, thus enhancing dispersion and interfacial adhesion of the polyamide-6 phase. With PP-g-MA volume fractions increasing from 2.5 to 10 vol %, much finer dispersions of discrete polyamide-6 with average domain sizes decreasing from 8 to 0.8 μm were obtained. When polyamide-6 and ethene/propene (EPM)-rubber are dispersed simultaneously in the polypropylene matrix, impact resistance was improved. The influence of PP-g-MA volume fraction and blend morphologies on mechanical properties such as Young's modulus, yield stress, notched Charpy impact resistance was investigated. The ternary polypropylene/polyamide-6/EPM blend properties were compared with those of binary polypropylene blends containing the equivalent volume fraction of EPM. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 57 (1995), S. 499-508 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Glass beads carrying different amounts of polystyrene (PS) grafted to their surface were prepared by solution and melt-mixing processes. These beads are mixed with a nearly mono-disperse PS. The morphology of polymers filled with different volume amounts, φ, of modified and unmodified glass beads was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In the case of PS-grafted glass beads, the fracture surfaces show cohesive failure. The rheological properties of these filled polymers were investigated by mechanical spectroscopy. The material functions, the storage modulus G″ and the loss modulus G″, for PS melts filled with unmodified beads can be presented in an invariant from, e.g., independent of temperature and concentration. The temperature-shift factors follow WLF behavior, and the concentration shift factors a generalized Maron Pierce equation. The rheological material functions of melts filled with modified glass beads can be superposed for different temperatures. However, a concentration invariant representation is only possible in the frequency range belonging to the plateau region. For small frequencies, a systematic deviation occurs whose strength depends on the amount of polymer grafted to the filler surface. It is argued that this behavior may be attributed to an additional relaxation process originating from the hindered flow of the modified glass beads. This process has to be investigated in more detail in the future. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1917-1922 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polypropylene/Polyamide-6 (PP.PA) blends containing maleic anhydride grafted elastomers were prepared by reactive blending. Three different types of core shell morphologies were obtained and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The midulus of these elastomer midified PP/PA (70/30) blends with core shell type morphology is compared to predictions derived from the Kerner model. The multiphase morphology of these blends could be modeled by sequential application of the Kerner equation to two-phase subinclusions. Using morphological data ontained by TEM, good agreement between experimental and calculated values was ontained. The results are used to tailor PP/Pa-6 blends combining stiffness and toughness.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 56 (1995), S. 1607-1613 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In recent years, blend technologies have been developed to modify mechanical properties of polypropylene by dispersing discrete stress-concentrating polyamide microparticles in the continuous polypropylene matrix. The work presented here is concerned with the examination of fundamental relationships between blend morphologies and mechanical properties, especially plastic deformation mechanisms at high strain. Polyamide-6, polyamide-12, polyamide-12 plasticized with N-butyl-phenylsulfonamide, and polyamide-6 in situ embedded in a shell composed of polyamide-36,6 have been used as blend components in polypropylene blends containing 30 vol % of these polyamides. For modification of interfacial adhesion, maleic-anhydride-grafted-polypropylene has been added. When the yield stresses of polyamide and polypropylene are matched, large elongations at break of the resulting blends can be achieved. The influence of crazing, voiding, and shear yielding has been elucidated by transmission electron microscopic analysis of strained blend samples. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1999 (1999), S. 2135-2145 
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Density functional calculations ; Epoxidation ; Peroxo complexes ; Titanium ; Transition states ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Epoxidation of olefins by TiIV peroxo and hydroperoxo (alkylperoxo) complexes was investigated using a hybrid DFT method (B3LYP). Reaction energies and activation barriers for direct oxygen transfer to ethylene as a model olefin were computed for various model complexes to compare the epoxidation activity of Ti(η2-O2) and TiOOR (R = H, CH3) moieties. The activity of complexes with a Ti(O2) peroxo group is shown to be essentially quenched when the coordination sphere of the complex is saturated by strongly basic (σ-donor) ligands. In contrast, the activity of a TiOOH functional group depends only weakly on the saturation of the coordination sphere of the Ti center. Substitution of methyl for hydrogen in a TiOOH group is found to slightly increase the activation barrier of epoxidation. The computational results give preference to reaction paths that involve TiOOR species. The factors governing the activity of Ti(O2) and TiOOR groups, in particular the effects of donor ligands, are discussed on the basis of a molecular orbital analysis.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Theoretical, Physical and Computational Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ionic materials can be conveniently described by quantum mechanical cluster models. In these models the electrostatic field of the crystal surrounding is often taken into account by embedding the cluster in an array of point charges (PCs). However, anions at the cluster boundary can be strongly polarized by neighboring positive PCs. These artifacts can be significantly reduced if a model potential description is employed for the nearest-neighbor cations of the surrounding. We have implemented a scheme of total ion model potentials (TIMP) in the density functional code LCGTO-DF. In the present work we compare a number of electronic properties of MgO(001) models, like core-level splittings, electron affinity, and electrostatic potential, computed with the help of TIMP embedding to results obtained for the same clusters surrounded by PCs only. The cluster models range from MgO58- to Mg25O25. Adsorption of a CO molecule on TIMP embedded cluster models of a regular surface site and the three-coordinated corner Mg2+ site is also considered.   © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 65: 975-986, 1997
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 1745-1749 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Density functional calculations ; Tetra(amino)methane ; Tetra(amino)silane ; Transition states ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In all-electron density functional calculations on mono- and tetraaminosubstituted methane and silane the coordination around the nitrogen center is found, in complete agreement with experiment, to be less pyramidal in the silicon compounds. The calculated barrier to inversion at nitrogen is only 0.6 kcal/mol in silylamine, while in methylamine it is 5.5 kcal/mol. The larger flexibility is attributed to the greater ionic character of the Si-N bond compared to that of the C-N bond. In tetra(amino)methane, inversion of one amino group leads to a local minimum (calculated inversion barrier: 6.4 kcal/mol), while a corresponding structure (or barrier) does not exist for the silicon compound. Due to the steric influence of the amino groups, the barrier to rotation around the C-N bond is larger in the tetrasubstituted compound (6.4 kcal/mol compared to 2.3 kcal/mol in methylamine). While the average binding energy of the amino groups is similar in both tetra(amino)compounds, the binding energy of the fourth ligand is about 25% larger in the silicon compound for both homolytic and heterolytic bond cleavage. This difference arises from the relative stabilization of the tri(amino)-methyl species, due to some n contribution to the C-N bond.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Bariumverbindungen ; Dichtefunktionalrechnungen ; Lithiumverbindungen ; Polyionen-Aggregate ; Strukturbestimmung ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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