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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (1,274)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (223)
  • SPACE SCIENCES
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (1,497)
  • 1995-1999  (1,497)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 35 (1997), S. 3575-3583 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: latexes ; dispersion polymerization ; styrene ; PEO macromonomer ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The particle sizes and their size distributions of latexes from the dispersion polymerization of styrene using a small amount of ω-methoxy poly(ethylene oxide)n undecyl-α-methacrylate macromonomer (PEO-R-MA-40) as a polymerizable stabilizer in ethanol-water media have been studied. Monodisperse or/and nearly monodisperse latex particles from 0.1 to 1 μm in diameter were readily obtained. The diameter of latex particles follows the relationship Dvad ∝ θ0.33 [PEO-R-MA-40]-0.60 [styrene]01.02 [AIBN]o-0.09, where θ is the fractional conversion of styrene. Except for the styrene concentration dependency, this relationship is in excellent agreement with the model developed by Paine11 and modified by Kawaguchi et al.13 When the surface composition of the grafted PEO macromonomer on the latex particles exceeded 16% as analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), the particles were nearly monodisperse. In terms of polymerization, this occurred around 18% conversion of styrene. Beyond this critical state of polymerization, the latex particles grew bigger with more PEO macromonomer-styrene copolymers situated on the particle surface. The effect of various factors on the particle size distribution is also discussed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 35: 3575-3583, 1997
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: low-energy ion scattering ; quantification ; alloys ; metal oxides ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Low-energy noble-gas ion scattering (LEIS) probes the outermost atomic layer of a material, but a quantitative compositional analysis of this layer is not straightforward. It is demonstrated that quantification by calibration can be done, assuming that ion fractions and shielding effects are the same for the reference sample and sample of interest. These assumptions are critically evaluated and LEIS experiments on binary alloys and metal oxides are presented that can partly verify these assumptions. The LEIS measurements of a Cu-Au alloy and CuO powder as a function of initial energy indicate the absence of matrix effects in the ion fractions after scattering from the metal atoms in these systems. In metal oxides, shielding of surface metal atoms by shadowing/blocking and ion neutralization by neighbouring atoms can significantly influence the quantification of the metal atom concentration and is determined by the local atomic arrangement as illustrated by LEIS experiments of CuO and ZnO samples. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Due to the low oxidation potential of poly-(2,5-thienylenevinylene) (PTV) an ohmic contact for hole injection is established at an indium tin oxide (ITO)/PTV interface. It gives rise to space-charge-limited conduction in an ITO/PTV/Al diode. The ohmic nature of the ITO/PTV contact can be exploited to increase hole injection into multilayer organic light emitting diodes in which internal charge accumulation would otherwise lower majority carrier injection by virtue of electric field screening at the anode.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The influence of extra-cellular polymeric substances in microbiologically influenced corrosionUnexpected pitting failures in copper potable water installations have occurred in some countries (Germany, Sweden, Scotland, South-West England, Saudi-Arabia) in the mid-eighties. These failures could not be expected in a single case based on the chemical composition of the potable water. Further typical manifestation characteristics of this microbiologically influenced corrosion have been i.) an uptake of dissolved and undissolved copper species in an obsolete, non regular fashion, ii.) black layers of copper(II)-oxide on the inner tube surface, accompanied by posniakite and malachite in the pitting areas, and, iii.) the detection of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). These EPS consist partly of polysaccharides. They could either be produced by microorganisms within the potable water installation or be transported in a dissolved or undissolved state into the installation. Consequently, they sediment on the inner surfaces of the copper tubes. The physico-chemical properties of some kinds of EPS, especially their membrane properties and their cation selectivity, play a key role in this corrosion process. This is shown exemplarily performing diffusion potential measurements and contact corrosion experiments.
    Notes: In der Mitte der achtziger Jahre traten in einigen Ländern (Deutschland, Schweden, Schottland, Süd-West England, Saudi-Arabien) unerwartete Lochfraßschäden an Trinkwasser-Installationen aus Kupfer auf. Die Zusammensetzung der Trinkwässer ließ in keinem Fall solche Schäden erwarten. Als typische Merkmale einer mikrobiologisch beeinflußten Korrosion war neben den Perforationen der Rohre sporadisch eine hohe Konzentration von Kupferkorrosionsprodukten in gelöster und ungelöster Form im Trinkwasser zu finden, außerdem schwarze Schichten aus Kupfer(II)-oxid auf der Rohrinnenoberfläche mit Pusteln aus Posnjakit oder Malachit im Lochfraßbereich sowie das Auftreten extrazellulärer polymerer Substanzen (EPS). Die EPS, die zu einem wesentlichen Teil aus Polysacchariden bestehen, müssen nicht notwendigerweise innerhalb der Installation durch Mikroorganismen produziert, sondern können auch in gelöster oder ungelöster Form mit dem Trinkwasser in die Installation transportiert werden, wo sie sich während der Stagnationsphasen auf den Rohrinnenoberflächen absetzen. Den physikochemischen Eigenschaften einiger Arten der EPS, insbesondere den Membraneigenschaften und der Kationenselektivität kommt in diesem Korrosionsprozeß eine Schlüsselrolle zu. Das wird exemplarisch anhand von Diffusionspotentialmessungen und Kontaktelementmessungen belegt.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 47 (1996), S. 703-708 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Das Korrosionsverhalten von NiAl in flüssigem Carbonat bei 650°CIn Flüssigcarbonatbrennstoffzellen (MCFC) werden die Trennplatten in einem Stapel harten Bedingungen ausgesetzt. Die normale Betriebstemperatur einer MCFC ist 650°C, während der Elektrolyt aus einer eutektischen Mischung aus 62/38 Li2CO3/K2CO3 besteht. Auf der einen Seite der Trennplatte ist das Material in Kontakt mit einer reduzierenden Atmosphäre und auf der anderen Seite mit einer oxidierenden Atmosphäre. Aufgrund des Einsatzes einer Flüssigabdichtung ist das Material auch in Kontakt mit dem flüssigen Carbonat. Aus diesen Gründen wurde ein großer Bereich an Werkstoffen untersucht, um eine abgesicherte Werkstoffauswahl entweder als Grundmaterial oder als Beschichtung treffen zu können.Aufgrund der möglichen Bildung einer schützenden LiAlO2-Oxidschicht ist NiAl eines der untersuchten Materialien mit vielversprechenden Eigenschaften.Die Ergebnisse werden mit den für reines Ni verfügbaren Daten verglichen, wobei insbesondere auf den schützenden Charakter einer auf quasistationären Polarisationskurven basierenden Oxidschicht, Auslagerungsversuche beim freien Korrosionspotential sowie Abschreckversuche, die die früher veröffentlichen Ergebnisse an Nickel mit Impedanzmessungen beinhalten, eingegangen wird.Alle Versuche wurden in flüssigem Carbonat durchgeführt, wobei die Gaszusammensetzung über der Schmelze aus 64% H2, 16% CO2 und 20% H2O bestand.
    Notes: In Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFC) the separator plates in a stack are exposed to severe conditions. The normal operating temperature of a MCFC is 650°C, while the electrolyte consists of an eutectic mixture of 62/38 Li2CO3/K2CO3. On one side the separator plate material is in contact with a reducing atmosphere and on the other side it is an oxidising atmosphere. Due to the application of a wet seal the material is also in contact with the molten carbonate.A wide range of materials is therefore being investigated to enable a justified materials selection either as base material or as coating.NiAl is one of the investigated materials, which has promising properties, due to the possible formation of a protective oxide LiAlO2 layer.A comparison will be made with data available for pure Ni, with special emphasis on the protective character of the oxide layer based on quasi-stationary polarisation curves, exposure tests at open circuit potential and quenching experiments, incorporating earlier published results obtained on Ni with impedance measurements.All experiments were performed in molten carbonate, while the gas composition over the melt was 64% H2, 16% CO2, and 20% H2O.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 48 (1997), S. 228-236 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Korrosionsverhalten von Nickel-Aluminium-Legierungen in geschmolzenem KarbonatDas Korrosionsverhalten von Nickel-Aluminiumlegierungen mit Aluminiumgehalten von 2-50% in geschmolzenem Karbonat wurde mit elektrochemischen Techniken in Kombination mit Nachuntersuchungen an abgeschreckten Proben untersucht.Für die 2-10% Aluminiumlegierungen wurde bei Potentialen von -1100 und -900 mV entlang den Korngrenzen des Grundwerkstoffs eine Art Aluminiumoxid gebildet. Bei Potentialen von -700 mV und anodischer wurde eine äußere Oxidschicht gebildet und entlang den Korngrenzen des Grundwerkstoffs wurde eine Art Aluminiumoxid gebildet. Die Oxidschicht enthält Nickel, Aluminium und Sauerstoff und an den Korngrenzen konnten hohe Aluminium- und Sauerstoffgehalte detektiert werden. Das einzige Korrosionsprodukt, das auf den Proben abgeschreckt nach Polarisation hci -700 mV oder anodischer mit Röntgendiffraktometrie detektiert werden konnte, ist NiO; wahrscheinlich als Folge der geringen Menge gebildeten Aluminiumoxids konnte kein Aluminiumoxid detektiert werden.Für die 20% Aluminiumlegierung wurde bei Potentialen von -1100 und -900 mV entlang den Korngrenzen ein Typ Aluminiumoxid gebildet. Nach längeren Polarisationszeiten wurde auch Aluminium im Korninneren oxidiert, was eine zweischichtige Mikrostruktur zufolge hat: eine äußere Schicht aus reinem Nickel und eine innere Schicht, die ein Netzwerk von Nickel, gefüllt mit Aluminium, Sauerstoff und Nickel ist. Die Menge an Korrosionsprodukt ist zu klein, um mit Röntgendiffraktometrie nachgewiesen zu werden.Bei Potentialen von -700 mV und anodischer wurde eine Oxidschicht von unregelmäßiger Dicke gebildet. An den Korngrenzen konnte kein Oxid beobachtet werden. Das einzige Korrosionsprodukt, das an Proben abgeschreckt nach Polarisation bei Potentialen in diesem Bereich mit Röntgendiffraktometrie detektiert werden konnte, ist Nickeloxid.Auf der 50% Aluminiumlegierung wurde bei allen Potentialen eine kontinuierliche Oxidschicht gebildet. Das einzige Korrosionsprodukt, das bei allen Potentialen gebildet wurde ist α-LiAlO2; die stabile Form von LiAlO2 ist γ-LiAlO2. α-LiAlO2 ist wahrscheinlich ein Zwischenprodukt, das langsam umgewandelt wird in γ-LiAlO2. Die Oxidschicht sorgt für eine gute Schutzwirkung gegen weitere Korrosion des Grundwerkstoffs.Weil die Schutzschichten, gebildet während der Vorkonditionierung bei - 1100 mV auf den 2 bis 20%-Aluminiumlegierungen, nicht schützend sind, sind die quasi-stationären Strom-Spannungskurven denen des Nickels sehr ähnlich.
    Notes: The corrosion behaviour of nickel-aluminium alloys with aluminium contents of 2-50%, in molten carbonate has been investigated with electrochemical techniques in combination with post-test analysis of quenched specimens.For the 2 to 10% aluminium alloys a type of aluminium oxide is formed along the grain boundaries of the base metal at potentials of -1100 and -900 mV. At potentials of -700 nmV and more anodic an outer oxide scale is formed and also aluminium oxide formation takes place along the grain boundaries. The oxide scale contained nickel, aluminium and oxygen. The only corrosion product that could he detected by X-ray diffraction on specimens quenched after polarisation at -700 mV or more anodic is NiO; no type of aluminium oxide could be detected, probably due to the small amount of aluminium oxide formed.For the 20% aluminium alloy a type of aluminium oxide is formed along the grain boundaries at -1100 and -900 mV. After longer polarisation times also the aluminium in the interior of the grains is oxidised, which results in a two-layer microstructure: an outer layer of pure nickel, and an inner layer that is a honeycomb network of nickel filled with aluminium, oxygen and nickel, while high amounts of aluminium and oxygen could be detected along the grain boundaries. The amount of corrosion product was too small to be detected by X-ray diffraction. At potentials of -700 mV and more anodic, an oxide scale of irregular thickness is formed, but no oxide could be observed along the grain boundaries. The only corrosion product detected by X-ray diffraction on specimens quenched after polarisation at potentials in this range is nickel oxide.On the 50% aluminium alloy a continuous oxide layer is formed at all potentials. The only corrosion product formed at all potentials is α-LiAlO2; the stable form of LiAlO2 is γ-LiAlO2. α-LiAlO2 is probably an intermediate product that is slowly transformed to γ-LiAlO2. The oxide layer provides good protection against further corrosion of the base material.The quasi-stationary polarisation curves are very similar to those of pure nickel, because no protective oxide scales are formed on the 2 to 20% aluminium alloys during preconditioning at -1100 mV.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: structure-based design ; Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule ; α4β1 ; integrins ; epitope transfer ; peptides ; receptor ; antagonists ; nmr spectroscopy ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Results from protein mutagenesis and x-ray crystallographic studies of the multidomain protein Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule (VCAM) were used to design cyclic octapeptides that retain the critical structural and binding elements of the epitope of VCAM in the interaction with the integrin α4β1 (VLA-4). Changes in the activities of peptide analogues correlated with the relative activities of protein mutants of VCAM, and predicted the properties of two new mutants that bound α4β1 with improved affinity vs wild type protein. The nmr structures of two peptides revealed a high degree of similarity to the structure of the VCAM binding epitope. These results demonstrate that a compact binding epitope identified via protein structure-function studies may be transferred to a synthetically accessible small peptide with the key structure-activity relationships intact. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopoly 47: 265-275, 1998
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 1661-1676 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: elastomers ; Brillouin spectroscopy ; oriented polymers ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: We present a new method to interpret data obtained by Brillouin-scattering from oriented networks. Because in rubberlike samples the transverse sound waves are normally not observable, it is not possible to extract the complete set of elastic constants. We will show that by combining a model of the orientation process with the lattice-model from Kondo and Igarashi, force constants can be determined from the sound velocities. These force constants can be discussed in terms of molecular conformations and interactions. The anisotropic hypersound velocity was measured in polyurethane- and polysiloxane networks. With the help of the combined orientation-lattice-model evaluation, different kinds of forces can be distinguished. By comparing the force constants with Raman- or infrared spectroscopic data, information about the conformation of the polymer chains can be determined. The effective force constants of the segments are an order of magnitude lower than that of the polymer main chains and the ratio of force constants along and between the segments lies between 1 : 1 to 5 : 1. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 1661-1676, 1997
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 57 (1995), S. 1409-1417 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This article describes a number of chemical routes for the recycling of sheet-molding compounds (SMC) consisting of glass fibers, filler (calcium carbonate), and an unsaturated polyester-styrene thermoset resin. Treatment of milled SMC with ethanol/potassium hydroxide at 85°C for 48 h ultimately affords a soluble polymeric fraction, consisting of styrene-fumaric acid copolymers. The excess of potassium hydroxide as well as the filler are removed via a neutralization step, which results in a large stream of waste chemicals. Treatment of SMC chips with ethanolamine at 180°C for 48 h gives a reaction mass that can be split into three fractions, viz., the glass fibers, the filler, and a methanol-soluble polymeric residue. The excess of ethanolamine is recovered by distillation at 220°C and reduced pressure. The polymeric fraction consists of terpolymers of styrene, N,N′-di(2-hydroxyethyl)fumaramide and N-2-hydroxyethylmaleimide monomer units, the latter two bearing two and one hydroxyl groups, respectively. The terpolymer shows little solubility in unsaturated polyester, epoxy, or isocyanate resins. The glass fibers and the filler coated with the polymeric fraction can be used as constituents of bulk-molding compounds (BMC). Replacing half of the original amount of glass fibers or filler of a standard BMC formulation by recycled materials does not significantly alter the mechanical properties. Increasing the amount of recyclate results in processing difficulties in the case of the glass fibers or a serious decline of the mechanical properties in the case of the filler/polymer. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 59 (1996), S. 1427-1435 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: To improve the performance of rubber compounds using precipitated silica as a reinforcing filler, the silica surface was directly modified by (1) adsorption of a surfactant onto the surface, (2) adsolubilization of an organic monomer, (3) in situ polymerization of the monomer in the surfactant bilayer, and (4) partial surfactant removal. Silica was thus modified using copolymers of isoprene or 1,3-butadiene with vinyl acetate, acrylonitrile, 4-methoxystyrene, 4-chlorostyrene, and methyl methacrylate on the silica surface. 4-Methoxystyrene/butadiene modification afforded the most promising candidate based on evaluation in a silica-filled, natural/styrene-butadiene rubber shoe sole compound that also has been used as a model tire compound. Physical testing showed that cure times were decreased, and break strength, tear energy, elongation to break, and cut growth resistance were increased. Thus, surface modification of silica by the in situ polymerization of organic monomers has been shown to be a flexible process capable of producing unique materials useful in improving rubber cure properties and the cured compound physical properties. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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