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  • Springer  (26)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • 1995-1999  (26)
  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variability of the hepatitis B surface protein in HBV-infected liver transplant recipients (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of biomedical science 4 (1997), S. 146-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0127
    Keywords: Hepatitis B surface protein ; Genomic variability ; Escape mutation ; Liver transplantation ; Hepatitis B virus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Variations in the major surface proteins (HBsAg) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) have been implicated in the high rate of reinfection in HBV-infected recipients of orthotopic liver transplantations (OLT). Sera from 6 OLT patients positive for HBsAg and from 3 recipients negative for it prior to transplantation were analyzed over several years, and 39 HBsAg sequences were compared. Despite anti-HBs immunoprophylaxis resulting in the disappearance of HBsAg, HBV DNA was detectable by a sensitive nested PCR in almost all sera. In 1 patient, a significant temporary shift in HBV subtypes was observed, indicating a mixed infection or the presence of multiple HBV populations in this patient; this was also true for other patients. Amino acid substitutions compared to wild-type HBV subtypes in 7 patients and variations within patients in 5 patients were detectable over time; the ‘escape mutation’ at amino acid position 145 was detected in 2 patients. Our data suggest that the high rate of reinfection in OLT recipients seems not to be associated with specific sequence variations in the major HBs gene, but shows a remarkable inter- and intraindividual variability. Obviously, no correlation between heterogeneity in this gene and clinical outcome was present.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02255643
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Within-plant allocation of a chemical defense in Secale cereale. Is concentration the appropriate currency of allocation? (1999)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 9 (1999), S. 113-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: Key words. defense allocation — hydroxamic acids — leaf age — optimal defense theory — rye —Secale cereale— Poaceae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary. The among-leaves allocation of DIBOA, a hydroxamic acid associated with plant resistance, in the shoot of rye (Secale cereale) was evaluated over the vegetative development of the plant. The appropriateness of using the concentration of secondary metabolites, DIBOA in this case, as the parameter to evaluate defense allocation in plants is discussed. Both biological and statistical arguments are put forward to suggest that allocation of chemical defenses should refer to absolute content and not to concentration. Results showed that leaf age was significantly linked to leaf concentration of DIBOA, young leaves having higher concentrations. In contrast, leaf content of DIBOA, our proposed currency of allocation, was not significantly higher in younger leaves. Furthermore, a regression analysis showed that the DIBOA content of leaves was better explained by the leaf relative biomass (proportion of shoot biomass) than by leaf biomass itself. It is suggested that, rather than leaf age, leaf relative biomass is the major factor determining DIBOA allocation in rye shoots. It is proposed that studies addressing within-plant defense allocation should use chemical defense content as the currency, emphasizing the major factors driving this process and its underlying mechanisms. Likewise, it is proposed that studies aiming at characterizing optimal patterns of plant defense should use chemical defense concentration as the currency, and be accompanied by evaluations of the actual resistance against herbivores of the plant parts analyzed, together with the effect on plant fitness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000490050041
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Allocation of herbivory-induced hydroxamic acids in the wild wheat Triticum uniaristatum (1998)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 8 (1998), S. 19-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: Key words. defense - induced defense - herbivory - aphids - Rhopalosiphum padi - wild wheat - Triticum uniaristatum - Poaceae - hydroxamic acids - costs of defense
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary. We characterized the induction of hydroxamic acids (Hx) by aphid infestation in the wild wheat Triticum uniaristatum by addressing the following questions: i) Do different leaves have similar responses to aphid damage?, ii) Is the Hx induction localized or systemic?, iii) How long does the induction last?, and iv) Is the degree of damage related to the magnitude of induced Hx? Based on earlier results on this wheat/aphid system (lack of costs of Hx induction) we expected to find the plant exhibiting cost-saving patterns of response to herbivory. Aphid infestation in the primary leaf led to induced levels of Hx, but no differences in Hx levels were found after infestation of the secondary leaf. Induction of Hx was restricted to the infested leaf (primary leaf). Induced Hx levels exhibited by the primary leaf at the end of aphid infestation were not observed 2 days later. Finally, different aphid densities (between 10 and 40 aphids per leaf) did not produce significant differences in Hx levels in infested primary leaves. Characteristics of Hx induction by aphid infestation in T. uniaristatum partially support the expected cost-saving patterns in the allocation of induced defenses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00001799
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of the ethylene oxide adduct S-(2-hydroxyethyl)cysteine by a fluorometric HPLC method in albumin and globin from human blood (1998)
    Springer
    Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry 362 (1998), S. 324-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1130
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A new method has been developed for the quantification of 2-hydroxyethylated cysteine resulting as adduct in blood proteins after human exposure to ethylene oxide, by reversed-phase HPLC with fluorometric detection. The specific adduct is analysed in albumin and in globin. After isolation of albumin and globin from blood, acid hydrolysis of the protein and precolumn derivatisation of the digest with 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonylchloride, the levels of derivatised S-hydroxyethylcysteine are analysed by RP-HPLC and fluorescence detection, with a detection limit of 8 nmol/g protein. Background levels of S-hydroxyethylcysteine were quantified in both albumin and globin, under special consideration of the glutathione transferase GSTT1 and GSTM1 polymorphisms. GSTT1 polymorphism had a marked influence on the physiological background alkylation of cysteine. While S-hydroxyethylcysteine levels in “non-conjugators” were between 15 and 50 nmol/g albumin, “low conjugators” displayed levels between 8 and 21 nmol/g albumin, and “high conjugators” did not show levels above the detection limit. The human GSTM1 polymorphism had no apparent effect on background levels of blood protein 2-hydroxyethylation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002160051082
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environmental effects on the induction of wheat chemical defences by aphid infestation (1996)
    Springer
    Oecologia 107 (1996), S. 549-552 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Temperature ; Growth ; Hydroxamic acids ; Herbivory ; Induced defences
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of temperature and photoperiod on the ability of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings to show induced responses (increased accumulation of hydroxamic acids, Hx) upon infestation by the bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi L. were evaluated under laboratory conditions. Induction of Hx was significantly higher at lower temperatures. No such clear trend was found for the photoperiod effect. The significant effect of environmental conditions on growth rate of seedlings and the significant negative correlation between growth rate prior to infestation and induction of Hx suggested that environmental effects on induced responses were at least partially mediated through their effect on plant growth rate. After statistically uncoupling the effect of environmental conditions from the effect of plant growth rate, the effect of temperature on induction of Hx was no longer significant. Therefore, the temperature effect was mediated by plant growth rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00333947
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of plant resistance at the third trophic level: interactions between parasitoids and entomopathogenic fungi of cereal aphids (1998)
    Springer
    Oecologia 117 (1998), S. 426-432 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Tritrophic effects ; Host-plant resistance ; Parasitoid ; Entomopathogenic fungi ; Competition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Host-plant resistance can affect herbivorous insects and their natural enemies such as parasitoids and entomopathogenic fungi. This tritrophic effect acts on interspecific interactions between the two groups of natural enemies distantly related in phylogenetic terms. The intra- and extra-host aspects of the interaction between the cereal aphid parasitoid Aphidius rhopalosiphi and the entomopathogenic fungus Erynia neoaphidis developing on the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae, on resistant and susceptible wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars, were studied. The competitive outcome of the intra-host interaction depended on the timing of parasitoid oviposition and fungal infection and was affected by wheat resistance. In particular, survival of the parasitoid was lower on the resistant wheat cultivar than the susceptible wheat cultivar, when the competitive outcome of the interaction was favourable for either parasitoid or fungal development. Before and after this period the influence of plant resistance was not significant. Furthermore, the extra-host interaction was not affected by the wheat cultivar, although an increase in fungal infection of S. avenae was observed when parasitoids foraged in the experimental arena with sporulating aphid cadavers compared with foraging in the absence of sporulating cadavers. Our results showed that the host plant may affect interspecific interactions between parasitoids and fungi and that these interactions depended on the timing of parasitoid oviposition and fungal infection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050677
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characteristics of Hydroxamic Acid Induction in Wheat Triggered by Aphid Infestation (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 2695-2705 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Defense ; herbivory ; aphids ; wheat ; Gramineae ; hydroxamic acids ; Defense theory ; Carbon/Nutrient theory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Hydroxamic acids (Hx) are natural products of Gramineae that are associated with cereal resistance to pests. We aimed at characterizing the induction of Hx accumulation in seedlings of wheat,Triticum aestivum, by short-term infestation of the cereal aphid,Rhopalosiphum padi. A load of 25 aphids increased significantly the Hx levels in the infested primary leaf in comparison with control levels. Lower loads did not increase Hx concentration. Aphid infestation lasting 16 hr did not elicit induction of Hx, even after a time-lag of 32 hr to allow the expression of any induced response. Forty-eight hours was the minimum duration of aphid infestation required to trigger Hx induction. The age of the infested tissue (the primary leaf) did not affect induction. Similar increases of Hx were found in unfolding, expanding, and totally expanded primary leaves. It was determined that the regime of nutrient supply (N-intensive nutritive solutions at low and high concentration) to wheat seedlings had no effect on the magnitude of the aphid-induced Hx (N-based secondary metabolites). Results obtained are discussed in the framework of general theories of plant defense allocation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022554708782
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of Dimboa Analogs as Antifeedants and Antibiotics Towards the Aphid Sitobion avenae in Artificial Diets (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 1543-1554 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Aphids ; Sitobion avenae ; feeding deterrents ; antibiotics ; DIMBOA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A total of 25 compounds including benzoxazinones, benzoxazolinones, and N-glyoxylamide derivatives were tested as antifeedants and antibiotics towards the aphid Sitobion avenae in diet bioassays. The antifeedant and mortality indexes increased with the presence of electron-donating groups in the 7 position of the benzoxazinone moiety, the replacement of the oxygen atom by sulfur in the heterocyclic ring, the presence of a hemiacetal instead of an acetal at C-2 of the benzoxazine moiety (and hence the possibility of ring opening), and the presence of a hydroxyl group at C-4 of the benzoxazine moiety (hydroxamic acid) instead of a hydrogen atom (lactam). The results support earlier hypotheses on the chemical bases for the mode of action of these compounds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020832731546
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intraspecific Chemical Recognition in the Lizard Liolaemus tenuis (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 1799-1811 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Liolaemus lizards ; conspecific chemical recognition ; tongue-flick
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Experimental tests were conducted to determine whether females and males of the tree-dwelling lizard Liolaemus tenuis (Tropiduridae) show intraspecific chemical recognition during breeding and postreproductive seasons. Animals were individually maintained in plastic enclosures for one week. Thereafter, the number of tongue-flicks that a lizard performed in the enclosure of a male, a female, its own home enclosure, and a control (unused) enclosure were recorded. In both seasons, males and females made fewer tongue-flicks in their home enclosures than in any other one, indicating a recognition of a familiar place, probably a chemical self-recognition. Conspecific chemical recognition was season dependent. During the post-reproductive season, lizards tongue-flicked at similar rates in conspecific and control enclosures, while during the breeding season enclosures of females elicited more tongue-flicks by both sexes, and the overall tongue-flick rates were higher than in the postreproductive season. Results are discussed within the context of the social system of the species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020925631314
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Germplasm conservation of oca (Oxalis tuberosa Mol.) through botanical seed. Seed formation under a system of polymorphic incompatibility (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 101 (1998), S. 133-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oxalis tuberosa ; oca ; reproductive biology ; breeding system ; tristyly ; genetic resources
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seven clonal accessions representing all three stylar morphs of tristylous oca were intercrossed and selfed in a complete diallelic crossing design. The four traits total capsule production, total number of seeds/capsule, total number of seeds containing an embryo/capsule, and percent seeds containing an embryo of all seeds per capsule were recorded. Both capsule and seed production were highest in the legitimate pollinations (in which styles are pollinated with pollen of the corresponding anther level), but also in illegitimate pollinations of mid-styled seed parents with long-level anther pollen of short-styled accessions. All 18 types of pollination, consisting of 6 legitimate, 6 illegitimate intermorph, and 6 illegitimate intramorph pollinations, expressed gradually different levels of capsule and seed production. Intramorph pollinations and selfs of mid-styled seed parents were less incompatible than intramorph pollinations and selfs of the long- and short-styled morphs. All accessions studied expressed an intact system of heteromorphic stylar incompatibility despite their exclusive clonal propagation for millennia. A maximum of 16,3 seeds/capsule containing an embryo was obtained in an individual legitimate cross of two accessions, although an average of 25 ovules are present in a flower of O. tuberosa. The results are discussed in relation to the establishment of a genebank based on botanical seed of this clonally propagated, valuable Andean tuber crop.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018336003573
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