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  • Chemistry  (560)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (560)
  • American Institute of Physics
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • 1995-1999  (560)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Secondary ion mass spectrometry round-robin study of relative sensitivity factors in gallium arsenide (1998)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 26 (1998), S. 144-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: SIMS ; GaAs ; round-robin ; sensitivity factor ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Round-robin studies on relative sensitivity factors (RSFs) in secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) were conducted using bulk GaAs samples uniformly doped with various impurity elements. A total of 31 laboratories participated in two round-robins. More than 30 sets of relative ion intensities were obtained for B, Si, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, In and Te in GaAs. The RSFs for both positive and negative ions were derived for several types of SIMS instruments. The effect of primary ion incident angle was examined using quadrupole-based instruments and found to be the determining factor of the instrumental dependence of RSF. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anisotropy of hole structures in oriented polycarbonate probed by two-dimensional angular correlation of annihilation radiation (1996)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 34 (1996), S. 2979-2985 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: anisotropy ; free volume ; oriented polymers ; positron annihilation ; correlation ; 2D-ACAR ; polycarbonate ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Two-dimensional angular correlation of annihilation radiation (2D-ACAR) experiments have been performed on an uniaxially oriented polymer, bisphenol-A polycarbonate. The two-dimensional hole structures of unoriented and oriented polymers, determined from the momentum distributions, are found to be spherical and ellipsoidal, respectively. The average hole radii are determined to be 2.9 Å in the unoriented sample and between 2.3 and 3.8 Å in the oriented sample. Applications of the 2D-ACAR method to image the three-dimensional hole structures of polymeric materials are discussed. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation of gradient-index (GRIN) polymer fibers for imaging applications (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 60 (1996), S. 1379-1383 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A closed extrusion process combined with a core-shell separation die design is developed in this study for preparing gradient index (GRIN) polymer fibers with a quadratic distribution of the refractive index. The material system used in this investigation is methyl methacrylate (MMA, n = 1.49) and benzyl methacrylate (BzMA, n = 1.568). The refractive index differences between the center and the periphery (Δn) of the prepared polymer fibers increase from 0.0115 to 0.020 when BzMA in the reactant mixtures increases from 17 to 28%. This finding would suggest that increasing the high refractive index monomer in the reactant mixture increased Δn. The Δn values decrease from 0.018 to 0.0135 when the diffusion zone temperature increases from 70 to 90°C. The diffusion rates of the monomers increase with the temperature, thereby causing BzMA and MMA to distribute more uniformly at a higher temperature than at a lower one. This uniform distribution leads to the decrease of Δn with an increasing temperature. The prepared GRIN polymer fibers have potential applications as imaging lenses for scanners, fax machines, and copiers. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pyrolysis-gas chromatography of carbonate apatites used for sintering (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 29 (1995), S. 1451-1457 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Gas chromatography was employed to quasi-continuously determine the amount of carbon dioxide that evolved from carbonate apatite specimens during sintering. Assuming that the carbonate in the specimens decomposed to carbon dioxide on a mole-for-mole basis, the determination of the carbon dioxide evolved allowed for the determination of the amount of carbonate that remained in the specimens during different stages of sintering. Previously, this measurement could be carried out only after sintering was completed. Comparison of data obtained from specimens compacted isostatically at 600 MPa for sintering with powder specimens indicated that the amount of carbonate remaining in the sintered apatite mass strongly depended on heating rates, heating temperatures, and holding-time intervals. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820291117
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sintered carbonate apatites as bioresorbable bone substitutes (1998)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 39 (1998), S. 603-610 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: sintered carbonate apatite ; osteoclasts ; bioresorption ; bioresorbable bone substitutes ; acid dissolution ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The dissolution behavior of sintered carbonate apatite was investigated in a 10 mM/L acetic acid solution adjusted to pH 5.0 at 37°C, and compared to that of sintered hydroxyapatite and bone apatite for the purpose of establishing some similarities between the physicochemical dissolution of apatite biomaterials in vitro and their ability to be resorbed by osteoclasts in vivo. Both the sintered carbonate apatite and the bone apatite dissolved to an appreciable extent. Their solution compositions changed in an almost identical manner until toward the end of the reaction. The solution compositions for sintered carbonate apatite at 30 s was comparable with that for sintered hydroxyapatite at 3.8 days with respect to the degree of supersaturation, indicating that the former specimen is much more soluble than the latter specimen. Osteoclasts which were obtained from the long bones of 1-day-old neonatal rabbits resorbed bone and sintered carbonate apatite, but not sintered hydroxyapatite. These findings suggest that sintered carbonate apatites, which have characteristics that can be favorably compared with those of bone, especially with respect to its reactivity to acid media, would be useful as bioresorbable bone substitutes. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 39, 603-610, 1998.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal analysis of bones from ovariectomized rats (1998)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 41 (1998), S. 221-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: thermogravimetry ; differential thermal analysis ; activation energy ; ovariectomy ; traditional Chinese medicine ; 17β-estradiol ; rat ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Thermal analyses [thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA)], X-ray diffraction, and infrared absorption analysis of bones from ovariectomized rats were carried out. The rats were divided into five groups: sham operated (Sham); ovariectomized (OVX); OVX given traditional Chinese (Kampo) medicine, Unkei-to; OVX given 17β-estradiol; and OVX given the estradiol vehicle, respectively. The activation energy (ΔE), a kinetic parameter from TG data of OVX rats, increased by 57% from that in Sham rats. The administration of Unkei-to and 17β-estradiol to OVX rats clearly restored the ΔE to the levels of Sham rats, while the vehicle for 17β-estradiol had no effect. DTA data from thermal analyses of rats from the Sham, OVX, and OVX given various compounds were almost the same except for OVX rats given 17β-estradiol. The X-ray diffraction pattern and infrared absorption spectrum of bone powders from Sham rats were not different from those of OVX rats or others. These results strongly suggest that a kinetic parameter, ΔE calculated from TG data, may be a useful method for assessing both experimentally induced osteoporosis and drug effects on it. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 41, 221-226, 1998.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enhancement of bone formation by drawn poly(L-lactide) (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 30 (1996), S. 553-558 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) was molded into films and rods, and drawn in the longitudinal direction to endow them with piezoelectricity. The piezoelectric constants of PLLA films increased with the draw ratio and, after passing a maximum at a draw ratio around 5, decreased. PLLA samples with a draw ratio 5, underwent fibrilization. The PLLA rods were intramedullarily implanted in the cut tibiae of cats for internal fixation up to 8 weeks. Fracture healing was clearly promoted with increased callus formation as the draw ratio of the PLLA rod increased, whereas the undrawn PLLA as well as a polyethylene control rod had no effect on callus formation, or rather, retarded it. This finding strongly suggests that the promotion of fracture healing by fixation with drawn PLLA can be ascribed to the piezoelectric current generated by the strains accompanying leg movement. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new biological glue from gelatin and poly (L-glutamic acid) (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 31 (1996), S. 157-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: This study describes the potentiality of hydrogels composed of gelatin and poly(L-glutamic acid) (PLGA) as a biological glue for soft tissues and compares its effectiveness with that of a conventional fibrin glue. Water-soluble carbodiimides (WSC) were used to crosslink the aqueous mixture of gelatin and PLGA. The mixed aqueous solution of gelatin and PLGA set to a hydrogel by use of WSC as rapidly as BOLHEAL® fibrin glue. An addition of PLGA to gelatin aqueous solution reduced not only its gelation time but also the WSC concentration necessary for hydrogel formation. The cured hydrogel exhibited firm adhesion to the mouse skin and other soft tissues with a higher bonding strength than BOLHEAL® fibrin glue. Cohesive failure in the hydrogel was observed when the gel-tissue bond was broken, in contrast to BOLHEAL® fibrin glue. The bonding strength of the gelatin-PLGA hydrogel became higher with the increasing PLGA concentration. The inflammatory reaction around the gelatin-PLGA hydrogel subcutaneously implanted in mice was mild, and the hydrogel was gradually absorbed with time in vivo. A toxicity test demonstrated that the concentration of WSC necessary as a biological glue was low enough not to induce its toxicity. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurements of ζ potentials of particulate biomaterials in protein-rich hyaluronan solution with changes in pH and protein constituents (1998)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 42 (1998), S. 453-457 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: ζ potential ; wear particles ; inflammatory synovial fluid ; polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) ; ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: This study was undertaken to determine the ζ potentials of particulate biomaterials in three types of protein-rich hyaluronan solution with changes in pH; a microelectrophoretic method was used. For the purpose of determining the pH value of synovial fluid in various inflammatory conditions, we collected synovial fluid samples from joints with osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and those undergoing revisions arthroplasties. The mean values of the pH in the synovial fluid from joints with OA, RA, and revision arthroplasty were shown to be 7.9, 7.5, and 8.1, respectively. The pH-ζ potential curves obtained differed, depending on the biomaterial and the medium. Addition of γ-globulin to the medium reduced the absolute value of the ζ potentials of some of the biomaterials. The findings of this study suggest that the electrophoretic behaviors of the particulate biomaterials tested in this study are affected by the protein constituents of and pH changes in protein-rich synovial fluid. The values we obtained will be useful as reference standards and will also aid in the study of the surface phenomena of biomaterials. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 42, 453-457, 1998.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Formation of apatite - collagen complexes (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 31 (1996), S. 43-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: An apatite - collagen complex was prepared in calcium β-glycerophosphate solutions at pH 9.0 and 37°C with the purpose of developing new bone substitutes that more closely resemble bone than currently available materials. Reconstituted type I collagen as well as sheet collagen were crosslinked in the presence of alkaline phosphatase and egg-yolk phosvitin. The crosslinked collagens were immersed in daily renewed calcium β-glycerophosphate solutions for 2 and 4 weeks to induce the deposition of apatite on the collagen fibers. After 2 weeks of reaction, for example, apatites deposited approximately two times the crosslinked collagen in weight. With reconstituted collagen, the complex showed some elasticity but no apatite was visually observed to detach under deformation with fingers and forceps. The complex, moreover, did not disintegrate when immersed in saline or animal blood. Nevertheless, the complex resorbed with no evidence of cytotoxity when implanted in muscle tissues. These findings suggest that the apatite - collagen complex prepared would be useful as bone substitutes, especially for periodontal osseous lesion repair and alveolar ridge augmentation. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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