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  • Springer  (35)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science  (6)
  • 1995-1999  (41)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantifying Uncertainty in a Risk Assessment Using Human Data (1999)
    Springer
    Risk analysis 19 (1999), S. 1077-1090 
    Details
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Keywords: risk assessment ; uncertainty ; formaldehyde ; decision analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A call for risk assessment approaches that better characterize and quantify uncertainty has been made by the scientific and regulatory community. This paper responds to that call by demonstrating a distributional approach that draws upon human data to derive potency estimates and to identify and quantify important sources of uncertainty. The approach is rooted in the science of decision analysis and employs an influence diagram, a decision tree, probabilistic weights, and a distribution of point estimates of carcinogenic potency. Its results estimate the likelihood of different carcinogenic risks (potencies) for a chemical under a specific scenario. For this exercise, human data on formaldehyde were employed to demonstrate the approach. Sensitivity analyses were performed to determine the relative impact of specific levels and alternatives on the potency distribution. The resulting potency estimates are compared with the results of an exercise using animal data on formaldehyde. The paper demonstrates that distributional risk assessment is readily adapted to situations in which epidemiologic data serve as the basis for potency estimates. Strengths and weaknesses of the distributional approach are discussed. Areas for further application and research are recommended.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007026510198
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Very Rapid Prototyping of Wearable Computers: A Case Study of VuMan 3 Custom versus Off-the-Shelf Design Methodologies (1998)
    Springer
    Design automation for embedded systems 3 (1998), S. 219-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8080
    Keywords: rapid prototyping ; embedded system design ; wearable computers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract The Wearable Computer Project is a testbed integrating research on rapid design and prototyping. Based on representative examples from six generations of wearable computers, the paper focuses on the differences in rapid prototyping using custom design versus off-the-shelf components. The attributes characterizing these two design styles are defined and illustrated by experimental measurements. The off-the-shelf approach required ten times the overhead, 30% more cost, fifty times the storage resources, 20% more effort, five times more power, but 30% less effort to port software than the embedded approach. An evaluation of the VuMan 3 design is presented to show its superior advantages in comparison to the off-the-shelf approach.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008850609458
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Critical Point Analysis of Calculated Electron Density Maps at Medium Resolution: Application to Shape Analysis of Zeolite-Like Systems (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular modeling 3 (1997), S. 156-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 0948-5023
    Keywords: Keywords: critical point analysis ; shape analysis ; electron density map ; ferrierite ; mordenite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A method, derived from the procedure implemented in the program ORCRIT which was originally developed by C.K. Johnson, is presented for the topological analysis of zeolite electron density maps. This method is an approach to shape analysis of zeolitic frameworks through the location, identification, and linkage of critical points (points where the gradient of the density vanishes) in medium resolution electron density maps. It is observed that, at 3 Å resolution, tetrahedral sites and oxygen atoms generate peaks (density maxima) and passes (saddle points), respectively. The definition of ellipsoids, built at each peak location from their three local density curvatures, is used to generate a void volume wherein atomic or molecular probes can interact. The energetic behaviour of probes of several sizes interacting with ferrierite and mordenite is qualitatively studied through a pseudo- Lennard-Jones potential approximation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s008940050028
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The application of laser microprobe mass analysis to the study of biological material (1996)
    Springer
    BioMetals 9 (1996), S. 57-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: aluminium ; copper ; electron microscopy ; Gaucher disease ; iron ; laser microprobe mass spectrometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Laser microprobe mass analysis (LAMMA) is an investigational method which is a powerful tool for the identification and quantitation of various elements present in small volumes of tissue. LAMMA is highly sensitive and capable of rapidly detecting concentrations of 1–3 p.p.m. of most metallic elements, in precisely localized cellular compartments. In order to further assess its value, cultured skin fibroblasts and biopsy tissues from human subjects and experimental animals were probed by LAMMA, and the results were correlated with ultrastructural findings. Biopsy samples were obtained from patients suffering from Gaucher disease, and from patients and animals with pathologic iron or copper metabolism. No significant abnormalities were detected in the cultured fibroblasts from patients with Gaucher disease, in contrast to the iron content of tissue biopsy Gaucher cells, which was markedly increased, apparently as a consequence of erythrophagocytosis. Particularly intense iron-related peaks were found in liver cytosiderosis due to neonatal or genetic haemochromatosis, thalassaemia major and in animal models of iron overload. An additional finding was the presence of aluminium accumulation in siderosomes of different cells. In liver biopsy samples from human Wilson's disease and from rats with an inherited disorder causing copper toxicosis, copper-containing compounds were identified and localized, and their relative concentration was estimated by LAMMA. The present study showed that LAMMA is a valuable technique for the localization and estimation of relative abundance of trace elements in various tissues containing excessive amounts of metals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00188091
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Responses of olfactory receptor neurons in the spiny lobster to binary mixtures are predictable using a noncompetitive model that incorporates excitatory and inhibitory transduction pathways (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 178 (1996), S. 523-536 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Olfaction ; Across neuron patterns ; Sensory coding ; Mixture models ; Crustacea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Coding of binary mixtures by a population of olfactory receptor neurons in the spiny lobster (Panulirus argus) was examined. Extracellular single-unit responses of 50 neurons to seven compounds and their binary mixtures were recorded. The ability of a noncompetitive model with correction for binding inhibition to predict responses to mixtures based on responses to their components was compared with the predictive abilities of other models. This model assumes that different compounds activate different transduction processes in the same neuron leading to excitation or inhibition, and it includes a term quantifying the degree to which binding of an odorant to its receptor sites is inhibited by other compounds. The model accurately predicted the absolute response magnitude of the population of neurons for 13 of 15 mixtures assessed, which is superior to the predictive power of any of the other models. The model also accurately predicted the across neuron patterns generated by the binary mixtures, as evaluated by multidimensional scaling analysis. The results suggest that there is no emergence of unique qualities for binary mixtures relative to components of these mixtures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00190182
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A simple reflective interpreter (1996)
    Springer
    Higher-order and symbolic computation 9 (1996), S. 181-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0557
    Keywords: reflection ; interpreter ; Lisp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract Procedurally reflective programming languages enable user programs to semantically extend the language itself, by permitting them to run at the level of the language implementation with access to their context. The reflective tower, first introduced by Brian Smith, is the principal architecture for such languages. It is informally described as an infinitely ascending tower of metacircular interpreters, connected by a mechanism that allows programs at one level to run at the next higher level. Various accounts of the reflective tower have been published, including a metacircular definition, operational definitions, and denotational definitions. We present an operational account of the main aspects of the reflective tower, which we claim is simpler than previous accounts. Our approach is to implement a finite tower where each level literally runs the level directly below it. A complete Scheme implementation is included.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806112
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dopamine β-hydroxylase: two polymorphisms in linkage disequilibrium at the structural gene DBH associate with biochemical phenotypic variation (1998)
    Springer
    Human genetics 〈Berlin〉 102 (1998), S. 533-540 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Levels of the enzyme dopamine β-hydroxylase (DβH) in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are closely related biochemical phenotypes. Both are under strong genetic control. Linkage and association studies suggest the structural gene encoding DβH (locus name, DΒH) is a major locus influencing plasma activity of DβH. This study examined relationships of DBH genotype determined at two polymorphic sites (a previously described GT repeat, referred to as the DBH STR and a single-base substitution at the 3’ end of DBH exon 2, named DBH*444 g/a), to CSF levels of DβH protein in European-American schizophrenic patients, and to plasma DβH activity in European-American patients with mood or anxiety disorders. We also investigated linkage disequilibrium (LD) between the polymorphisms in the pooled samples from those European-American subjects (n=104). Alleles of DBH*444 g/a were associated with differences in mean values of CSF DβH levels. Alleles at both polymorphisms were associated with plasma DβH activity. Significant LD was observed between respective alleles with similar apparent influence on biochemical phenotype. Thus, allele A3 of the DBH STR was in positive LD with DBH*444a, and both alleles were associated with lower plasma DβH activity. DBH STR allele A4 was in positive LD with DBH*444 g, and both alleles were associated with higher plasma DβH activity. The results confirm that DBH is a major quantitative trait locus for plasma DβH activity, and provide the first direct evidence that DBH also influences CSF DβH levels. Both polymorphisms examined in this study appear to be in LD with one or more functional polymorphisms that mediate the influence of allelic variation at DBH on DβH biochemical phenotypic variation
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004390050736
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Energetic costs of mate guarding behavior in male stream-dwelling isopods (1996)
    Springer
    Oecologia 106 (1996), S. 166-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Precopulatory mate guarding behavior ; Glycogen ; Lipid ; Refuge use ; Food deprivation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the stream-dwelling isopod Lirceus fontinalis, males and females engage in a precopulatory mate guarding phase prior to mating. We examined the energetic costs of mate guarding behavior in males by separately assaying glycogen and lipid content at different time increments following mating. We found that males that had recently mated possessed reduced glycogen reserves and that these reserves were fully replenished within 36 h. Conversely, we found that male lipid reserves were unaffected by time since mating. We concluded that precopulatory mate guarding behavior is energetically costly to males and that glycogen is the energy source utilized to pay that cost. We also examined whether food deprivation during the mate guarding phase affected male energy reserves (glycogen) at the end of that phase. We found that males that were held in the laboratory and starved during mate guarding possessed reduced glycogen at the termination of the phase when compared to fed males. This reduced quantity was equivalent to the glycogen reserves of recently mated males collected from the field. We propose that food deprivation during the mate guarding phase explains the reduction in glycogen reserves at the termination of that phase. We discuss these results with reference to patterns of refuge use behavior during the mate guarding phase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00328595
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modifications of Soil Nitrogen Pools in Response to Alfalfa Root Systems and Shoot Mulch (1999)
    Springer
    Semigroup forum 91 (1999), S. 471-477 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2137
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Medicago sativa L.) shoots and roots generate large amounts of NO3-N available to the next crop but also susceptible to deep leaching. This study was aimed at determining the specific contributions of above- and belowground alfalfa biomass to soil N pools. Dynamics of soil and plant N pools were studied in a Kalamazoo loam soil (fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalfs) over a 2-yr period under bare fallow (BF), bare fallow to which alfalfa shoot mulch was applied (BFSM), living alfalfa plants with shoots removed after harvest (A), and living alfalfa with shoot mulch remaining on the soil surface after harvest (ASM). Organic N pools were monitored in alfalfa plant parts, soil-incorporated debris, and soil organic matter to depths of 150 cm. Inorganic N pools were monitored by suction lysimeters, soil extraction, and evaluation of soil denitrification rates. Living alfalfa stands kept soil inorganic N at very low levels, whether shoot mulch was applied or not. Soluble inorganic N concentrations decreased earlier in the fall in the upper horizons of bare fallow soils receiving alfalfa shoot mulch, suggesting enhanced leaching from bare soil under alfalfa mulch. Alfalfa crown and roots contained an average of 115 kg N-1 after 2 yr of treatment. In conclusion, alfalfa shoot mulch contributed little to sustained increased in soil N pools, while crowns and roots contributed larger quantities to the soil N pool.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Similarity and complementarity of molecular shapes: Applicability of a topological analysis approach (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of computer aided molecular design 10 (1996), S. 55-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4951
    Keywords: Critical points ; Electron density ; Proteins ; Cyclodextrins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Developments based on a topological analysis approach of electron density maps are presented and applied to two different fields: the interpretation of electron density maps of proteins and the description of shape complementarity between a cyclodextrin host and a guest molecule. A global representation of the electron density distribution, through the location, identification and linkage of its critical points (points where the gradient of the density vanishes, i.e., peaks and passes), is generated using the program ORCRIT. On one hand, the interpretation of protein electron density maps is based on similarity evaluations between graphs of critical points and known structures. So far, the method has been applied to 3 Å resolution maps for the recognition of secondary structure motifs using a procedure relevant to expert systems in artificial intelligence. Satisfying matches between critical point graphs and their corresponding protein structure depict the ability of the topological analysis to catch the essential secondary structural features in electron density maps. On the other hand, mapping the accessible volume of a host molecule is achieved by representing the peaks as ellipsoids with axes related to local curvature of the electron density function. Related energies of the interacting species can also be estimated. A qualitative comparison is made between the results generated by the topological analysis and energy values obtained by conventional molecular mechanics calculations. A positive comparison and a close complementarity between cyclodextrin and ligands shows that the topological analysis method gives a good representation of the electron density function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00124465
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