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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Membrane bioreactor with a porous hydrophobic membrane as a gas-liquid contactor for waste gas treatment (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 45 (1995), S. 107-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: biofilm ; waste gas treatment ; hydrophobic microporous membrane ; mass transfer ; propene ; Xanthobacter ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A novel type of bioreactor for waste gas treatment has been designed. The reactor contains a microporous hydrophobic membrane to create a large interface between the waste gas and the aqueous phase. To test the new reactor, propene was chosen because of its high air/water partition coefficient, which causes a low water concentration and hampers its removal from air. Propene transfer from air to a suspension of propene-utilizing Xanthobacter Py2 cells in the membrane bioreactor proved to be controlled by mass transfer in the liquid phase. The resistance of the membrane was negligible. Simulated propene transfer rates agreed well with the experimental data. A stable biofilm of Xanthobacter Py2 developed on the membrane during prolonged operation. The propene flux into the biofilm was 1 × 10-6 mol m-2 s-1 at a propene concentration of 9.3 × 10-2 mol m-3 in the gas phase. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260450203
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solvent effects on the catalytic activity of subtilisin suspended in compressed gases (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 49 (1996), S. 399-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: subtilisin ; hydration ; catalytic activity ; supercritical fluids ; solvent effects ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: We studied a model transesterification reaction catalyzed by subtilisin Carlsberg suspended in carbon dioxide, propane, and mixtures of these solvents under pressure. To account for solvent effects due to differences in water partitioning between the enzyme and the bulk solvents, we measured water sorption isotherms for the enzyme in each solvent. We measured catalytic activity as a function of enzyme hydration and obtained bell-shaped curves with maxima at the same enzyme hydration (12%) in all the solvents. However, the activity maxima were different in all media, being much higher in propane than in either CO2 or the mixtures with 50 and 10% CO2. Considerations based on the solvation ability of the solvents did not offer an explanation for the differences in catalytic activity observed. Our results suggest that CO2 has a direct adverse effect on the catalytic activity of subtilisin. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Catalytic durability of magnetoproteoliposomes captured by high-gradient magnetic forces in a miniature fixed-bed reactor (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 49 (1996), S. 654-658 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: cytochrome c-oxidase ; magnetophoresis (high-gradient) ; magnetoliposomes ; phospholipid membranes ; immobilization of membrane-bound enzymes ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cytochrome c-oxidase, used as a model membrane-bound enzyme, was embedded in phospholipid bilayer membranes, attached to nanometer-sized Fe3O4 colloids (so-called magnetoliposomes). In comparison with the lipid-depleted free enzyme, both the activity and the enzymatic stability of the complexes, stored at 4°C, were considerably enhanced. These beneficial properties of magnetoproteoliposomes have been successfully exploited in a magnetically controlled fixed-bed bioreactor, operating in a continuous flow regime. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic typing with HUMTH01, HUMVWA31A and HUMFES/FPS short tandem repeat loci, D1S80 variable number tandem repeat locus and HLA-DQα of recent and from XII-XIII centuries spongy bone (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electrophoresis 16 (1995), S. 1612-1616 
    Details
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Keywords: Short tandem repeats ; Histocompatibility antigen ; Postmortem DNA ; Ancient DNA ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The genetic analysis of ancient populations through DNA from bone remains, requires the use of short sized loci that can be amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for which the short tandem repeat (STR) loci are most suitable. These techniques can also be applied to genetic identification in forensic casework. In this study three STR loci, HUMFES/FPS, HUMTH01 and HUMVWA31A, were selected to estimate their usefulness when applied to recent and ancient spongy bone DNA typing. In addition, loci D1S80 and HLA DQα were also tested in the analysis of recent spongy bone DNA. The recent remains studied were constituted by ten spongy bone samples of postmortem material from one individual buried for 1 year. The ancient remains are composed by 8 spongy bone samples from the heads of left femurs from a XII-XIII Centuries Basque Country population. Adequate amplification and typing results could only be obtained with cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB)-extracted DNA, without any further purification after precipitation. Genotypes of the one year post-mortem material and those of his son and his wife were obtained at the D1S80, HLA-DQα, and STR loci. In all these systems, no exclusion was observed, with a combined probability of paternity of 0.9997. This demonstrates the reliability of the obtained results. The genetic typing of HUMTH01 in spongy bone from the XII-XIII Centuries Basque Country individuals was also performed. This will allow the genetic analysis on ancient bone remains and therefore, to carry out evolutionary population studies.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.11501601266
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photosynthetic performance of a helical tubular photobioreactor incorporating the cyanobacterium spirulina platensis (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 47 (1995), S. 261-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: photosynthesis ; global warming ; CO2 fixation ; photobioreactor ; Spirulina platensis ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The photosynthetic performance of a helical tubular photobioreactor (“Biocoil”), incorporating the filamentous cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis, was investigated. The photobioreactor was constructed in a cylindrical shape (0.9 m high) with a 0.25-m2basal area and a photostage comprising 60 m of transparent PVC tubing of 1.6-cm inner diameter (volume = 12.1 L). The inner surface of the cylinder (area = 1.32 m2) was illuminated with cool white fluorescent lamps; the energy input of photosynthetically active radiation(PAR, 400 to 700 nm) into the photobioreactor was 2920 kJ per day. An air-lift system ncorporating 4%CO2 was used to circulate the growth medium in the tubing. The maximum productivity achieved in batch culture was 7.18 g dry biomass per day [0.51 g · d biomass/L · day, or 5.44 g · d biomass/m2(inner surface of cylindrical shape)/day] which corresponded to a photosynthetic (PAR) efficiency of 5.45%. The CO2 was efficiently removed from the gaseous stream; monitoring the CO2 the outlet and inlet gas streams showed a 70% removal of CO2 from the inlet gas over an 8-h period with almost maximum growth rate. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260470218
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of the respiration quotient in mammalian cell culture in bicarbonate buffered media (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 45 (1995), S. 524-535 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: respiration quotient ; carbon dioxide evolution rate ; continuous culture ; cell metabolism ; bicarbonate buffer ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The determination of the respiration quotient (RQ = CER/OUR) has not been used so far as a tool for understanding animal cell metabolism. This is due to problems in measuring the carbon dioxide evolution rate (CER) rather than the oxygen uptake rate (OUR). The determination of the CER is complicated by the use of bicarbonate in the medium. Using liquid and gas balances we have derived an equation for continuous culture to quantify the amount of CO2 that comes from the bicarbonate in the feed. Under cell-free conditions, values predicted by this equation agree within 4% with the experimental results. In continuous culture using hybridoma cells, the CO2 from the feed, as determined by an IR-gas analyzer, was found to represent a significant amount of the total measured CO2 in the off-gas (50% in a suboptimal, and 30% in high-growth medium). Furthermore, the problem of CO2 loss from the medium during medium preparation and storage was solved using both a theoretical and an experimental approach. RQ values in continuous culture were evaluated for two different growth media. Small but significant differences in RQ were measured, which were matched by differences in specific antibody rates and other metabolic quotients. In a medium with Primatone RL, an enzymatic hydrolysate of animal cell tissue that causes a more than twofold increase in cell density, the RQ was found to be 1.05, whereas in medium without Primatone RL (but containing amino acids equivalent in composition and concentration to Primatone RL) the RQ was found to be 0.97. We suggest the RQ to be a useful parameter for estimating the physiological state of cells. Its determination could be a suitable tool for both the on-line control of animal cell cultivations and the understanding of cell metabolism. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260450610
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Occurrences at mineral-bacteria interface during oxidation of arsenopyrite by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 46 (1995), S. 13-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: arsenopyrite ; Thiobacillus ferrooxidans ; adhering bacteria ; surface-oxidized phases ; ferric arsenate ; sulfur ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The combination of an improved bacterial desorption method, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), diffuse reflectance and transmission infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy, and a desorption-leaching device like high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to analyze bacterial populations (adhering and free bacteria) and surface-oxidized phases (ferric arsenates and elemental sulfur) during the arsenopyrite biooxidation by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. The bacterial distribution, the physicochemical composition of the leachate, the evolution of corrosion patterns, and the nature and amount of the surface-oxidized chemical species characterized different behavior for each step of arsenopyrite bioleaching. The first step is characterized by a slow but strong adhesion of bacteria to mineral surfaces, the appearance of a surface phase of elemental sulfur, the weak solubilization of Fe(II), As(III), and As(V), and the presence of the first corrosion patterns, which follow the fragility zones and the crystallographic orientation of mineral grains. After this short step, growth of the unattached bacteria begins, while ferrous ions in solution are oxidized by them. Ferric ions produced by the bacteria can oxidize the sulfide directly and are regenerated by Fe(II) bacterial oxidation. At this time, a bioleaching cycle takes place and a coarse surface phase of ferric arsenate (FeAsO4 · xH2O where x ≈ 2) and deep ovoid pores appear. At the end of the bioleaching cycle, the high concentration of Fe(III) and As(V) in solution promotes the precipitation of a second phase of amorphous ferric arsenate (FeAsO4 · xH2O where x ≈ 4) in the leachate. Then the biooxidation process ceases: The bacteria adhering to the mineral sufaces are coated by the ferric arsenates and the concentration of Fe(III) on the leachate is found to have decreased greatly. Both oxidation mechanisms (direct and indirect oxidation) have been stopped. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260460103
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The zonal centrifuge applied to the purification of a low-yield virus in human leukemia cells (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 651-668 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The herpes-type virus found in certain cell cultures derived from Burkitt's lymphoma, other human leukemias, and normal human leukocytes, was concentrated and partially purified by large-volume density gradient centrifugation using zonal centrifuge systems. Using the Jiyoye (P-3) cell line as a model, rate-zonal runs on disrupted cell suspensions in sucrose gradients yielded concentrates with high virus particle counts when 10-15 ml of packed cells were processed per liter of gradient. Isolation and removal of cell nuclei or fluorocarbon treatment of cell sonicates permitted virus recovery from larger volumes of cells per experiment. Zonal centrifugation of concentrated cell-free spent media from highly infected cell cultures yielded more purified virus than obtained from cells. Viral concentrates were prepared with particle counts of 1010-1011/ml and total protein concentrations of 0.2-0.5 mg/ml. Subsequent isopyenie-zonal centrifugation of the various high-count virus fractions from the zonal centrifuge showed a heterogeneity in buoyant virus density ranging from 1.18 to 1.27 in potassium tart rate. The spread in virus density was attributed to the different morphological forms of the virus observed by electron microscopy.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100510
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of centrifugation on the viability of Burkitt lymphoma cellsContribution No. 1126 from the Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Presented at the 154th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Chicago, Illinois, September 10-15, 1967. (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 641-649 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This study reports some findings on the effects of centrifugation on the viability of mammalian cells. The authors used Burkitt lymphoma cells cultivated in a synthetic medium containing 10% fetal calf serum for all experiments. Batch centrifugations were conducted in a RC2-B centrifuge (Ivan Sorvall, Incorporated, Norwalk, Connecticut USA) operated at 0 and 25°C. During centrifugation we exposed the cells to gravitational fields ranging from 24,800 to 42.200g. The results showed that at, 0°C and 25,800 or 42,000g no loss in cell viability occurred for up to 90 min exposures in the centrifugal field. However, at 25°C and for gravitational fields of 24,800 and 42,000g, there were appreciable losses in cell viability. Continuous centrifugation studies in the Sharples supercentrifuge (Division of Penn Salt Corporation, Warminister, Pennsylvania USA) were also conducted with bowl speeds up to 28,000 rpm (19,000g) and flow rates ranging from 1.4 to 20 1, hr. Slight, losses in cell viability were noted and postulated as caused by the shear stresses encountered by the cells. Some pumping studies using the lymphoma cells substantiate this conclusion.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100509
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of diffusion limitation on immobilized nitrifying microorganisms at low temperatures (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 45 (1995), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: nitrification ; immobilized cells ; activation energy ; diffusion limitation ; temperature ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Activation energies of suspended and immobilized nitrifying bacteria were determined and compared to determine if diffusion limitation results in decreased sensitivity for temperature. The activation energy for the respiration activity of suspended Nitrosomonas europaea and Nitrobacter agilis was found to be 86.4 and 58.4 kJ mol-1, respectively. The activation energy for oxygen diffusion in the support material, κ-carrageenan, determined from the effect of temperature on the effective diffusion coefficient (D), was 17.2 kJ mol-1. Consequently, the apparent actvation energy of diffusion limited cells should be lower. It was indeed shown that due to the effect of diffusion limitation and to temperature effects on the Monod constant Ks, the immobilized-cell activity was less sensitive to temperature. The apparent activation energy for immobilized Ns. europaea was between 28.6 and 94.2 kJ mol-1 and for immobilized Nb. agilis between 1.4 and 72.9 kJ mol-1, depending on the oxygen concentration and temperature. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260450102
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