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  • Articles  (650)
  • Springer  (365)
  • Wiley  (234)
  • American Physical Society  (51)
  • 1995-1999  (590)
  • 1965-1969  (60)
Collection
  • Articles  (650)
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Year
Journal
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 43 (1996), S. 163-164 
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1521-1886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A proper choice of the observation weight matrix is of importance for both adjusting and testing GPS data. Our understanding of the noise characteristic of GPS observations, on which the weight matrix should be based, is, however, still underdeveloped. This makes it difficult to draw up an appropriate weight matrix. The first and foremost purpose of this contribution is therefore to draw attention to the need to improve upon our rudimentary knowledge of the GPS stochastic model. To this end, results will be presented of a relatively simple case study in which the possible presence of cross-correlation between observables is considered. With these results we hope to spur further discussion and research on this important topic. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    GPS solutions 2 (1999), S. 63-69 
    ISSN: 1521-1886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: GPS ambiguity resolution is the process of resolving the unknown cycle ambiguities of double-difference (DD) carrier-phase data as integers. It is the key to fast and high-precision relative GPS positioning. Critical in the application of ambiguity resolution is its reliability. Unsuccessful ambiguity resolution, when passed unnoticed, will too often lead to unacceptable errors in the positioning results. High success rates are required for ambiguity resolution to be reliable. In this contribution we will introduce and evaluate such diagnostic measures. They complement existing methods of ambiguity resolution and allow the user and/or analyst to infer their reliability. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 139 (1998), S. 353-355 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Frühere Studien haben gezeigt, daß Buchfinken, die von Artgenossen isoliert aufgezogen wurden, keine Regenrufe entwickelten und daß sowohl der Regenruf als auch der charakteristische „pink“-Ruf starke regionale Unterschiede zeigten. In der hier vorgestellten Studie wird die Hypothese getestet, daß der Regenruf des Buchfinken während der Individualentwicklung gelernt wird und daß „pink“-Rufe, obwohl sie von isoliert gehaltenen Vögeln entwickelt werden, auch durch Lernen modifizierbar sind. Handaufgezogenen, schottischen Buchfinkenmännchen wurden während der sensitiven Phasen für das Gesangslernen entweder Rufe aus Schottland (n=3 Männchen) oder aus Korsika (n=3 Männchen) vorgespielt. Im Juli 1995 und im Februar/März 1996 wurden 30 s vor und nach zwei täglichen Tonbandgesangsvorspielen auch fünf Wiederholungen eines Regenrufs, dem zwei „pinks“ folgten, präsentiert (Vorspiele insgesamt: Regenrufe 350, „pinks“ 700). Im Frühjahr 1996 (d.h. der ersten Brutsaison der jungen Männchen) wurden regelmäßig Tonbandaufnahmen jedes Individuums erstellt. Nur drei Männchen entwickelten einen Regenruf. In allen Fällen ähnelten die Regenrufe dem des jeweiligen Tutors (Abb. 1). Die „pink“ Rufe in den beiden Versuchsgruppen glichen ebenfalls mehr dem Vorbild als denen der anderen Gruppe. Diese Beobachtungen bestätigen, daß Regenrufe von Vorbildern kopiert werden und daß „pink“-Rufe, obwohl sie auch von in Isolation aufgezogenen Individuen entwickelt werden, ebenfalls durch Lernen modifizierbar sind.
    Notes: Summary The chaffinchFringilla coelebs shows variation in two call types, the rain call and the chink. This has long led to the suggestion that these call types are subject to learning. To test this in the laboratory, male hand-reared chaffinches (n=6) were exposed to different rain calls and chinks recorded a) near St. Andrews, Scotland and b) in Corsica, both during the first three weeks after independence and for a further three weeks in their first breeding season. Not all subjects developed rain calls, but two that did produced ones that clearly resembled their Corsican tutor's call, and their chink was also Corsican rather than Scottish in form. This is the first experimental confirmation of the long standing suggestion that rain calls are learned and also provides evidence that learning plays an important role in chink development.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 84 (1997), S. 115-126 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Bethylidae ; parasitoid ; ovicide ; superparasitism ; reproductive strategy ; host selection ; parasitoid fitness ; Laelius pedatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ovicide, superparasitism and host rejection are alternative reproductive tactics facing female parasitoid wasps encountering an already-parasitized host. Superparasitism is simply the addition of an egg or a clutch of eggs by the secondary parasitoid, but under ovicide the primary clutch is removed or destroyed. Host rejection occurs if the wasp leaves without laying a clutch. The ectoparasitoid Laelius pedatus (Say) (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) performs ovicide in this situation. Clutch manipulation experiments show that secondary clutches suffer high mortality in competition with primary clutches, which increases with increasing time delay between clutches. Primary clutches however suffer little in competition with secondary clutches, even if there is minimal time delay between clutches. These data suggest that the offspring of ovicidal females are substantially fitter than the offspring of superparasitizing females. Handling time and clutch size do not differ significantly between first (sole) parasitoids and second (ovicidal) parasitoids. The same is true for offspring survival and development time. However, offspring of second females are slightly smaller. This suggests that parasitized and unparasitized hosts are resources of similar quality when ovicide is performed. These data strongly support the predictions of evolutionary models of ovicide. They may also give some insight into the taxonomic distribution of ovicide in parasitoids.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 6 (1995), S. 11-27 
    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: Concurrent engineering ; interval analysis ; constraint modeling ; imprecision
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper proposes an approach to handling imprecision in design and concurrent engineering systems by using interval analysis and constraint networks. By allowing design parameters to be specified with intervals rather than exact points, this approach permits designers to iteratively transform vague conceptual designs into detailed final designs. When a designer changes a variable's interval or assigns a value, the results are propagated through constraints and the resulting feasible interval for all other dependent variables is pruned. The interval constraint network approach described in this paper extends previous work by allowing the representation of and reasoning about complex constraints involving conditions, conjunctions and disjunctions, as well as both symbolic and numeric variables. Many concurrent engineering constraints cannot be modeled without this sort of representational flexibility. A prototype of this approach has been implemented in a system called SPARK-IP. The operation of SPARK-IP is demonstrated through a concurrent engineering design problem involving printed wiring boards.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 12 (1999), S. 415-422 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Diaprepes abbreviatus ; weevil ; behavior ; learning ; preference ; food ; host-finding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 9 (1996), S. 899-908 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Trichoplusia ni ; attraction ; learning ; host-finding ; experience ; oviposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mated female cabbage looper months that were caged with cotton, celery, or soybean foliage were attracted significantly more often than inexperienced moths to the odor of the same species of plant the following night. Moths that were caged with cotton or celery foliage were attracted significantly more often the following night only to the foliage of the same species, and not to the foliage of the other plant species. Brief contact by a moth or a single oviposition on plant foliage was sufficient to increase subsequent attraction to plant foliage. This behavior appears to be associative learning of host odor.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 26 (1996), S. 399-402 
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Tetrazoles ; tautomerism ; hydrogen bonds ; chelating ligands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The X-ray crystal structures of 5,5′-bitetrazole and 1-methyl-5-(2′-pyridyl)tetrazole at 130 K are described. 5,5′-Bitetrazole exists as the 1 H, 1'H-tautomer and packs in chains held together by pairs of intermolecular hydrogen bonds. It crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n witha=4.945(1),b=6.367(1),c=8.491(1) Å and β=99.233(7)o. In 1-methyl-5-(2′-pyridyl)tetrazole the two heterocyclic rings are nearly coplanar and the molecular packing is controlled by intermolecular π−π interactions. It crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1 witha=6.667(1),b=7.135(1),c=9.202(1)Å, α=89.59(1), β=69.08(1), and γ=66.62(1)o.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Phosphine oxides ; bond orders ; structure-correlation ; IR force constants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structures of the compounds tris(para-chlorophenyl)phosphine oxide {(p-ClPh)3PO} and tris(para-methoxyphenyl)phosphine oxide {(p-OMePh)3PO} were determined by X-ray diffraction methods. (p-ClPh)3PO crystallizes in the space group P-1 (no. 2) with a = 11.828(2), b = 12.645(2), c = 14.072(2) Å, α = 97.90(1), β = 109.45(1), γ = 115.43(1), V = 1692.3(2) Å3 and Z = 4. The mean O–P and C–P distances are 1.481(6) and 1.806(2) Å, respectively, and the mean C–P–C angle is 106.5(1.1). (p-OMePh)3PO crystallizes in the space group P21/c (no. 14) with a = 18.8642 (10), b = 10.3999(5), c = 21.3462(16) Å, β = 115.414(6)°, V= 3782.6(4) Å3, and Z = 8. The mean O–P and C–P distances are 1.484(5) and 1.798(4) Å, respectively, and the mean C–P–C angle is 106.5(1.0). These two structures were analyzed along with the previously determined structures of triphenylphosphine oxide {Ph3PO} and tri-p-tolylphosphine oxide {(p-MePh)3PO}, and IR data were collected on all four compounds. Both the observed P–O distances and the IR stretching frequencies for these triarylphosphine oxides support the interpretation of the P–O bond as having substantial multiple-bond character, with a bond order between 1.7 and 1.8. The para-substituents on these triarylphosphines were shown to have a statistically insignificant effect on the P–O bond.
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