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  • Articles  (692)
  • Springer  (365)
  • Wiley  (234)
  • American Physical Society  (51)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)  (42)
  • 1995-1999  (632)
  • 1965-1969  (60)
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  • Articles  (692)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Na+/H+ exchanger-1 alleles: strain distribution and correlation with activity (1996)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 43 (1996), S. 163-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00176679
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Flux limiting due to electron impact excitation energy loss (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 3 (1996), S. 461-467 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Large radiation losses in the electron energy balance equation due to electron impact excitation can cause the parallel scale length to become small enough that a short mean-free path expansion becomes questionable for the high-speed tail electrons. It then becomes necessary to limit the parallel electron heat flux so that it remains below its free-streaming value nT3/2/m, where n, T, and m are the electron density, temperature, and mass. A Boltzmann inelastic scattering col- lision operator is adopted to investigate whether electron impact excitation can lead to a self-consistent flux limit by depleting the electron tail. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.871872
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modification of classical Spitzer ion–electron energy transfer rate for large ratios of ion to electron temperatures (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 2 (1995), S. 1873-1885 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Corrections to the classical Spitzer heat transfer rate between ions and electrons are calculated for the case when the ion temperature Ti is significantly higher than the electron temperature Te. It is found that slow electrons are partially depleted by their interactions with the ions, resulting in a decrease in the heat transfer in comparison with the Spitzer rate, which assumes perfectly Maxwellian electrons. The heat transfer steadily decreases from the classical value as Ti/Te increases; for Ti/Te values of several hundred, the heat transfer rate drops to around 60%–80% of the Spitzer result. A useful expression for the heat transfer correction factor in the case when all of the ion species are at the temperature Ti is found to be Pie/(Pie)Spitzer ≈[1+(me/mi)(Ti/Te)]3/2 exp{−[3.5∑i (Z2ini/ne)(me/mi) (Ti/Te)]2/3}. This expression is quite accurate for values of ∑i (Z2ini/ne)(mp/mi)(Ti/Te) less than about 50 (where mp is the proton mass), although it underestimates the heat transfer rate for larger values of Ti/Te, and one must resort to the more accurate but more complex analytical results derived in the paper. In the event that the ion distribution is non-Maxwellian, Ti in the correction factor should be replaced by 2〈Ei〉/3, where 〈Ei〉 is the mean ion energy. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.871274
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A two-dimensional ion kinetic model of the scrape-off layer of a diverted plasma with a private flux region (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 2 (1995), S. 218-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Earlier two-dimensional (radial and poloidal angle), analytically tractable ion kinetic models of the scrape-off layer (SOL) in which a steady state is achieved by balancing the streaming loss of ions to the divertor target plates with the radial diffusion of ions from the core are unable to distinguish between limited and diverted plasmas. The model presented here removes this limitation while still remaining amenable to a similar Wiener–Hopf solution procedure. To phenomenologically model ion recycling, the boundary conditions employed at the divertor plates allow for partial reflection. The diffusion into the private flux region and the extended divertor channels (all of normalized length d along the magnetic field), as well as the rest of the SOL, is evaluated. The SOL is shown to be asymmetric about the separatrix because ions from the core must stream by the X point be- fore diffusing into the private flux region. The channel or leg SOL width is of order [LD(1+2d)/vi ||ln γ||]1/2, where D, L, vi, and γ are the diffusion coefficient, connection length, ion thermal speed, and reflection coefficient, respectively. The SOL in the private flux region is narrower (by [2d/(1+2d)]1/2) with a lower density (by [2d/(1+2d)]3/4) and a stronger poloidal dependence than the region beyond the separatrix. To equalize the heat load between the private flux region and the leg portions of the target, the legs must be longer than the connection length. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.871093
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interchange instabilities in a partially ionized plasma (1998)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 5 (1998), S. 2217-2231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In a partially ionized plasma, the charged particle population is coupled to the neutrals through charge exchange, ionization and recombination. An interchange instability is identified in which the driving factor is the neutral pressure gradient and the dominant collisional process is charge exchange. Regimes are considered in which the mean free path for neutral collisions with ions λni is small in comparison to the macroscopic length scales. The instability is analogous to a gravitational interchange mode with an effective gravity geff=νinVn where νin is the collision frequency of ions with neutrals. The neutral flow Vn=−(Mniνin)−1dpn/dx results from a balance between the neutral pressure gradient and collisional friction with the ions. An arbitrary kyλni dispersion relation is derived using fluid equations to describe the ions and the Boltzmann equation to describe the neutrals. This dispersion relation contains viscous and inertial effects and is substantially altered in the presence of realistic parallel wavelength due to a coupling between the unstable interchange mode and a stabilizing shear Alfvén mode. Reasonable conditions under which the modes may exist are examined and the possible relevance to divertor plasmas is considered. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.872895
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neutral particle and radiation effects on Pfirsch–Schlüter fluxes near the edge (1998)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 5 (1998), S. 3961-3968 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The edge plasma of a tokamak is affected by atomic physics processes and can have density and temperature variations along the magnetic field that strongly modify edge transport. A closed system of equations in the Pfirsch–Schlüter regime is presented that can be solved for the radial and poloidal variation of the plasma density, electron and ion temperatures, and the electrostatic potential in the presence of neutrals and a poloidally asymmetric energy radiation sink due to inelastic electron collisions. Neutrals have a large diffusivity so their viscosity and heat flux can become important even when their density is not high, in which case the neutral viscosity alters the electrostatic potential at the edge by introducing strong radial variation. The strong parallel gradient in the electron temperature that can arise in the presence of a localized radiation sink drives a convective flow of particles and heat across the field. This plasma transport mechanism can balance the neutral influx and is particularly strong if multifaceted asymmetric radiation from the edge (MARFE) occurs, since the electron temperature then varies substantially over the flux surface. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.873115
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two-body similarity and its violation in tokamak edge plasmas (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 3 (1996), S. 3191-3193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Scaling laws found under the assumption that two-body collisions dominate can be effectively used to benchmark complex multi-dimensional codes dedicated to investigating tokamak edge plasmas. The applicability of such scaling laws to the interpretation of experimental data, however, is found to be restricted to the relatively low plasma densities (〈1019 m−3) at which multistep processes, which break the two-body collision approximation, are unimportant. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.871624
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scaling laws for two-dimensional divertor modeling (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 3 (1996), S. 927-938 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: To gain insight into divertor operation, similarity techniques are employed to investigate whether model systems of equations plus boundary conditions admit scaling transformations that lead to useful divertor scaling laws. These can be used to perform similarity experiments or more fully exploit large computer simulations. Fluid plasma models of the divertor region are adopted that ignore anomalous processes. We consider neutral descriptions in both the short and long mean-free path limits. As usual, the more approximations that are made, the more scaling transformations are allowed, leading to fewer independent dimensionless parameters that need to be considered, thereby imposing fewer divertor similarity constraints. The simplest model considered balances electron heat conduction with impurity radiation and places the fewest constraints on similarity. To be able to model the onset of detached divertor operation in short mean-free path regimes, a fluid neutral description is employed that balances plasma pressure by neutral pressure. In this model the constraints on divertor similarity are most severe. A less constrained long mean-free path or Knudsen neutral model is also considered. It models the onset of detached divertor operation by balancing plasma pressure by momentum transfer to the neutrals that are randomized by collisions with the deep slot sidewalls. The simpler models have relaxed divertor similarity constraints, but all models remain severely restricted by the collisionality constraints. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.871798
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetic effects in tokamak scrape-off layer plasmas : The 38th annual meeting of the Division of Plasma Physics (DPP) of the American Physical Society (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 4 (1997), S. 1672-1680 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The short mean-free path expansion used in fluid modeling of scrape-off layer plasmas is often violated for typical discharge parameters, especially by the superthermal particles, which carry most of the heat flux. Thus, the tail of the distribution function can strongly depart from Maxwellian due to nonlocal mean-free path effects, which can modify plasma transport, impurity radiation, and plasma–neutral gas interactions. These nonlocal effects become particularly pronounced for detached plasma conditions that are characterized by sharp gradients in the plasma parameters along the magnetic field. These problems are being addressed by developing one spatial dimension and two velocity variables, fully kinetic, collisional, and time-dependent particle-in-cell code, W1 [Contrib. Plasma Phys. 34, 436 (1994)], and its parallel-computer version, PW1 [Contrib. Plasma Phys. 34, 424 (1996)]. Comparisons are made with the Fokker–Planck code ALLA [Phys. Plasmas 3, 1634 (1996)] and with experimental results. Kinetic effects on probe measurement interpretation, impurity radiation, and parallel heat conductivity due to non-Maxwellian features in scrape-off layer plasmas are considered. Heat conductivity is compared with ad hoc heat flux limit models. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.872280
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetic and transport theory near the tokamak edge (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 3 (1996), S. 2365-2373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Conventional transport orderings employed in the core of a tokamak plasma allow large divergence-free flows in flux surfaces, but only weak radial flows. However, alternate orderings are required in the edge region where radial diffusion must balance the rapid loss due to free streaming to divertor plates or limiters. Kinetic equations commonly used to study the plasma core do not allow such a balance and are, therefore, inapplicable in the plasma edge. Similarly, core transport formulas cannot be extended to the edge region without major, qualitative alteration. Here the necessary changes are addressed. By deriving and solving a novel kinetic equation, distinctive collisional transport laws for the plasma edge are constructed. It is found that the new edge ordering retains the radial diffusion and parallel flow of particles, momentum, and heat to lowest order in the conservation equations. To higher order a surprising form for parallel transport in the scrape-off layer is found, in which the parallel flow of particles and heat are driven by a combination of the conventional gradients, viscosity, and new terms involving radial derivatives. The new terms are not relatively small, and could affect understanding of limiter and divertor operation. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.871920
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