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  • Articles  (124)
  • Springer  (72)
  • American Physical Society  (52)
  • 1995-1999  (74)
  • 1965-1969  (37)
  • 1960-1964  (13)
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  • Articles  (124)
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  • 1
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    Computed optical emissions from a sonoluminescing bubble (1999)
    American Physical Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-03-01
    Print ISSN: 1063-651X
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-3787
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A mathematical theory of enamel solubility and the onset of dental caries: I. The kinetics of dissolution of powdered enamel in acid buffer (1966)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 417-432 
    Details
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A model of the dissolution kinetics of powdered enamel is developed based on the kinetic rate termq, $$q = K'H - k'C \cdot P_1$$ , whereH=[H +],C=[Ca ++] andP 1=[HPO 4 = ]. The differential equations describing the rate of mineral dissolution (and the linearly related rate of appearance of calcium and phosphate in solution) have been derived and solved for three basic cases: (1) when thepH of the solution and surface area of the enamel are considered constant, (2) when thepH is assumed constant, but the reduction in surface area during dissolution is considered, and (3) when the rise ofpH resulting from the buffering effect of the dissolved enamel is considered along with the change in surface area. Analytical solutions have been obtained for cases (1) and (2), while a numerical solution has been found for case (3). Data from a study on enamel dissolution are presented that agree with the theory of case (3), and it is noted that apH rise as large as 0.5 can occur, as has been shown elsewhere in the literature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02476823
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adverse Health Experiences, Environmental Attitudes, and Pesticide Usage Behavior of Farm Operators (1999)
    Springer
    Risk analysis 19 (1999), S. 283-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Keywords: Risk perception ; pesticides ; pest management ; health effects ; agricultural pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Water pollution from agricultural pesticides continues to be a public concern. Given that the use of such pesticides on the farm is largely governed by voluntary behavior, it is important to understand what drives farmer behavior. Health belief models in public health and social psychology argue that persons who have adverse health experiences are likely to undertake preventive behavior. An analogous hypothesis set was tested here: farmers who believe they have had adverse health experiences from pesticides are likely to have heightened concerns about pesticides and are more likely to take greater precautions in dealing with pesticides. This work is based on an original survey of a population of 2700 corn and soybean growers in Maryland, New York, and Pennsylvania using the U.S. Department of Agriculture data base. It was designed as a mail survey with telephone follow-up, and resulted in a 60 percent response rate. Farm operators report experiencing adverse health problems they believe are associated with pesticides that is equivalent to an incidence rate that is higher than the reported incidence of occupational pesticide poisonings, but similar to the reported incidence of all pesticide poisonings. Farmers who report experiencing such problems have more heightened concerns about water pollution from fertilizers and pesticides, and illness and injury from mixing, loading, and applying pesticides than farmers who have not experienced such problems. Farmers who report experiencing such problems also are more likely to report using alternative pest management practices than farmers who do not report having such problems. This implies that farmers who have had such experiences do care about the effects of application and do engage in alternative means of pest management, which at least involve the reduction in pesticide use.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006929812285
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A mathematical theory of enamel solubility and the onset of dental caries: II. Some solubility equilibrium considerations of hydroxyapatite (1966)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 433-441 
    Details
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Equilibrium solubility considerations are presented based on the assumption that equating the kinetic expressionq, developed in part I, to zero can describe the equilibrium or steady state between hydroxyapatite and salt solutions. From this expression is derived Hodge's empirical equilibrium equation,C=KH. Further, a lograithmic transformation of this equation results in an expression that accounts for the equilibrium calcium, phosphorus andpH relation found by Levinskas and Neuman. Finally, it also shows the relation between log (C·P) andpH necessary for typical artificial carious lesions as found by Coolidge, Besic and Jacobs. A discussion of a recent theory of hydroxyapatite solubility of LaMer reveals calculation errors that vitiate his results. It is shown that logK 1 (K 1 is the ratio of the rate constants inq and can serve as a solubility equilibrium constant for hydroxyapatite) varies by only 1.2 units when calculated from three diverse sets of data. This variation is less than that reported by LaMer (when the errors of calculation in that work are corrected) and considerably less than the range of 11 among attempts to calculate a conventionalpK sp , as summarized by Hodge.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02476824
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A mathematical theory of enamel solubility and the onset of dental caries: III. Development and computer simulation of a model of caries formation (1966)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 443-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Part III attempts to develop a diffusion controlled model of caries in the intact enamel employing the kinetic results of the previous two parts. A model of the enamel as a granular bed with a diffusible organic matrix filling the interstices is considered. The basic equations of diffusion and simultaneous reaction are developed under the assumption that all the reactions are so rapid as compared with the diffusion rate, that they are in a quasi-equilibrium state. The resultant system of seven coupled, non-linear parabolic partial differential equations is of such complexity that only numerical solutions could be attempted. Stability restrictions inherent in the problem dictated the use of the DuFort-Frankel numerical solution for parabolic boundary problems. Numerical solutions giving the concentration of all reactants, the rate of mineral loss, and the enamel porosity were obtained for a variety of boundary conditions. It is found that departure from the equilibrium condition expressed in part II is necessary for the occurrence of an attack on the enamel. The rate and pattern of penetration is then determined primarily by the concentrations of undissociated buffer, and salts, together with the rate of diffusion in the surrounding medium. The possibility of a relatively intact surface layer persisting over a demineralized subsurface region due solely to the composition of the demineralizing medium is noted. Remineralization behavior in portions of the carious lesion occurs in the model under certain boundary conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02476825
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A model of cell cycle behavior dominated by kinetics of a pathway stimulated by growth factors (1999)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 61 (1999), S. 917-934 
    Details
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A modified version of a previously developed mathematical model [Obeyesekere et al., Cell Prolif. (1997)] of the G1-phase of the cell cycle is presented. This model describes the regulation of the G1-phase that includes the interactions of the nuclear proteins, RB, cyclin E, cyclin D, cdk2, cdk4 and E2F. The effects of the growth factors on cyclin D synthesis under saturated or unsaturated growth factor conditions are investigated based on this model. The solutions to this model (a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations) are discussed with respect to existing experiments. Predictions based on mathematical analysis of this model are presented. In particular, results are presented on the existence of two stablesolutions, i. e., bistability within the G1-phase. It is shown that this bistability exists under unsaturated growth factor concentration levels. This phenomenon is very noticeable if the efficiency of the signal transduction, initiated by the growth factors leading to cyclin D synthesis, is low. The biological significance of this result as well as possible experimental designs to test these predictions are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bulm.1999.0118
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Survey of Approaches for Assessing and Managing the Risk of Extremes (1999)
    Springer
    Risk analysis 19 (1999), S. 83-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Keywords: Extreme events ; risk assessment ; risk management ; extreme value theory ; judgmental distributions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we review methods for assessing and managing the risk of extreme events, where “extreme events” are defined to be rare, severe, and outside the normal range of experience of the system in question. First, we discuss several systematic approaches for identifying possible extreme events. We then discuss some issues related to risk assessment of extreme events, including what type of output is needed (e.g., a single probability vs. a probability distribution), and alternatives to the probabilistic approach. Next, we present a number of probabilistic methods. These include: guidelines for eliciting informative probability distributions from experts; maximum entropy distributions; extreme value theory; other approaches for constructing prior distributions (such as reference or noninformative priors); the use of modeling and decomposition to estimate the probability (or distribution) of interest; and bounding methods. Finally, we briefly discuss several approaches for managing the risk of extreme events, and conclude with recommendations and directions for future research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006958311241
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Properties of the liquid state (1964)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 3 (1964), S. 294-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Neue Überlegungen unter Verwendung eines kürzlich vorgeschlagenen Modells für die allgemeine Flüssigkeit gestatten auf einheitlicher Grundlage die Entwicklung eines Systems, das eine beliebige Kombination der drei Größen Dichte, Viskosität und Temperatur funktionell miteinander verknüpft. Die Dichte- und Viskositätsfunktionen werden geprüft mit Daten für fünfzehn verschiedene Substanzen, inklusive Salzzchmelzen, assoziierte und nicht assoziierte Flüssigkeiten. Die Frage der allgemeinen Verwendbarkeit der entwickelten Formeln wird kurz diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary On the basis of a generalized model for the liquid state which has previously been proposed, a new and improved rationalization is presented by which can be derived an accurate equation to represent the variation of liquid viscosities with temperature changes. The same model has been used to deduce a function which correctly represents the variation of liquid densities with temperature, and a reciprocal relationship between the latter two expressions leads to an equation between visocsity and density which is independent of temperature. The density and viscosity functions are tested with data for fifteen substances including associated and non-associated liquids, and molten salts. Considerations regarding the possible generality of the proposed functions are briefly examined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02096165
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Choices and Consequences of Oviposition by Hylemya (Delia) Sp. (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 11 (1998), S. 371-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: oviposition behavior ; host selection ; offspring performance ; predispersal seed predation ; Anthomyiidae ; Hylemya ; Delia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hylema sp. 5 females oviposit on the undersides of sepals of developing buds of both Ipomopsis aggregata and Polemonium foliosissimum. Eggs deposited on the latter are significantly more likely to be fully protected by the sepal than are eggs deposited on the former. Unexposed eggs have a significantly greater likelihood of successfully developing to the larval stage than do exposed eggs. The difference in frequency of egg exposure on the two plant species can be attributed to differences in sepal morphology: I. aggregata sepals are significantly narrower than those of P. foliosissimum. The hypothesis that females preferentially oviposit on larger flowers was unconfirmed by a manipulative choice experiment. Plants differing in the size of their flowers were potted together and presented to Hylemya in arrays in the field. Flowers of the larger-flowered pair were no more likely to be oviposited on than flowers of the smaller-flowered pair. However, there were significant negative correlations between the corolla length and the percentage of flowers laid on per day at each of two sites. There was also a significant positive correlation between the corolla width and the percentage of flowers laid on at one site. Thus females appear to be using some measure of flower morphology, or a correlated trait, in making oviposition decisions. The degree to which Hylemya is making suboptimal choices between host plant species is discussed and requires further examination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020902714225
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental Studies of Shear Deformation of Mantle Materials: Towards Structural Geology of the Mantle (1998)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 151 (1998), S. 589-603 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key words: Simple shear deformation, structural geology, seismic anisotropy, partial melting, lattice preferred orientation, shear localization.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract —A brief outline is given on experimental studies carried out in the Minnesota Mineral and Rock Physics Laboratory of microstructural evolution and rheology of mantle mineral aggregates or their analogues, using a simple shear deformation geometry. A simple shear deformation geometry allows us to unambiguously identify controlling factors of microstructural evolution and to obtain large strains at high pressures and temperatures, and thus provides a unique opportunity to investigate the "structural geology of the mantle." We have developed a simple shear deformation technique for use at high pressures and temperatures (pressure up to 16 GPa and temperature up to 2000 K) in both gas-medium and solid-medium apparati. This technique has been applied to the following mineral systems (i) olivine aggregates, (ii) olivine basaltic melt, (iii) CaTiO3 perovskite aggregates. The results have provided important data with which to understand the dynamics of the earth’s mantle, including the geometry of mantle convection, mechanisms of melt distribution and migration beneath mid-ocean ridges, and the mechanisms of shear localization. Limitations of laboratory studies and future directions are also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000240050131
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