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  • Articles  (49)
  • 1995-1999  (31)
  • 1975-1979  (18)
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  • Articles  (49)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Industrial and engineering chemistry 18 (1979), S. 259-263 
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Constitutional political economy 9 (1998), S. 213-234 
    ISSN: 1572-9966
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This article analyzes some problems regarding our knowledge of environmental policy. Sustainable development as the prospective enlargement of the political agenda has been identified as a long-term challenge for economic policy which could get trapped in a new form of interventionism. The evolutionary market approach that is presented here focuses on development risks of environmental policy that are mostly neglected in standard theory. A transfer of the Hayekian concept of negative rules to the realm of environmental policy is critically discussed. A straight-forward transfer of Hayek's theory stressing the importance of negative rules cannot be recommended, since even the negative rules carry some development risks in the realm of environmental policy. Some preliminary political consequences are drawn which are appropriate to limit the extension of environmental targets in the future.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 199 (1998), S. 2129-2140 
    ISSN: 1022-1352
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A series of poly(p-phenylenes) with linear and branched oxyethylene side chains was synthesized. Microphase separation in the solid state causes polymers with linear side chains to form supramolecular structures, which consist of main chain layers separated by an amorphous side chain matrix. If mixed with lithium salts such as lithium triflate (LiOTf) or lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfone)imide (LiNTf), the polymers form solid solutions. The experimental data suggest that the layered structures undergo a one-dimensional swelling in the direction perpendicular to the main chain layers when blended with LiOTf and that this salt is only incorporated into the side chain matrix. The observed melting point depression in polymer-LiNTf mixtures is explained by the assumption that the salt species are incorporated both into the side chain and the main chain microphase.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 199 (1998), S. 2777-2783 
    ISSN: 1022-1352
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The synthesis and characterization of Cell-SAc 3, a cellulose isopentyl (IP) ether with additional pendant S-acetyl (SAc) moieties (degree of substitution DSIP = 2.5, DSSAc = 0.4) are reported. Cell-SAc forms stable monolayers at the air-water interface once spread from dilute chloroform solution. The pressure-area isotherm of Cell-SAc is nearly identical to the parent Cell-IP 1, both exhibiting an expanded liquid phase at surface areas of 70 and 67 Å, respectively. The similarity of the two isotherms shows that the presence of the S-acetyl substituent does not result in an increase in the molecular area, at which the liquid-crystal analogous phase occurs. This observation suggests that the side-chains with the pendant S-acetyl group are oriented away from the water surface. Monolayers of Cell-SAc can be efficiently transferred onto silicon and hydrophobized glass or quartz substrates by a downstroke and upstroke technique. Resulting multilayers were characterized using X-ray reflection, FTIR, and UV-vis spectroscopy. The presence of S-acetyl moieties was found to increase the monolayer thickness relative to the parent Cell-IP. The cleavage of the S-acetyl group within the LB film is reported.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Synthese von gestrecktkettigen Kristallen aus Copolymeren des Trioxans mit 1,3-Dioxolan, 1,3-Dioxan, 1,3-Dioxepan und 1,3,6-Trioxocan durch kationische Copolymerisation wird beschrieben. Dichte, Schmelzpunkt und Schmelzenthalpie in Abhängigkeit vom Molenbruch x2 der Comonomereinheiten werden angegeben. In jeder Serie von Copolymeren nimmt die Dichte und die Schmelzenthalpie mit zunehmendem Monomergehalt für x2 〈 0,1 linear ab. Der Schmelzpunkt Tm nimmt zunächst mit zunehmendem x2 linear ab, erreicht dann jedoch ein Plateau, in dessen Bereich Tm unabhängig von der Zusammensetzung ist. Die Daten werden im Sinne der Theorie von Eby ausgewertet, die das Schmelzen von Copolymerkristallen beschreibt. Die Defektenthalpien bezogen auf die einzelnen Comonomereinheiten werden angegeben.
    Notes: The synthesis of extended chain crystals of copolymers of trioxane and 1,3-dioxolane, 1,3-dioxane, 1,3-dioxepane, and 1,3,6-trioxocane by cationic copolymerization is described. Density, melting point, and enthalpy of melting are reported as depending on the mole fraction x2 of the comonomer units. In each series the density decreases linearly with increasing comonomer content for x2 〈 0,1. The melting temperature Tm decreases first linearly with increasing x2, but reaches a plateau in which Tm becomes independent of the composition. The data are analysed in terms of Eby's theory of melting behaviour, and defect enthalpies related to the individual comonomer units are derived.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 631-634 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 180 (1979), S. 1093-1097 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Einige Festkörperrcaktionen. die zur Bildung von Polymer-Kristallen führen. werden diskutiert und es wird gezeigt, wie man die Ergebnisse der morphologischen Untersuchungen dazu verwenden kann, den Mechanismus der Festkörperpolymerisation aufzuklären. Beispiele für die folgenden drei Mechanismen werden im einzelnen behandelt: (a) Kristallisation der makromolckularen Ketten nach der Polymerisation, (b) simultane Polymerisation und Kristallisation, (c) Polymerisation in fester Lösung.Als ein Beispiel für Kristallisation nach bereits erfolgter Polymerisation wird die Morphologie von Ziegler-Natta Olefin-Polymerisaten diskutiert. Ein anderes Beispiel dafür liefert die kationische Polymerisation von 1,3,5-Trioxan aus Lösungen. Es wird gezeigt. daß in diesem Fall das System einem thermodynamischen Gleichgewicht zwischen der kristallinen Phase des Polymeren und dem gelösten Monomeren zustrebt. Dabei findet durch Aufbrechen der Kettenfalten und Einbau von Monomereinheiten ein Dickenwachstum der Kristalle statt, das schließlich zur Entstehung von gestrecktkettigen Kristallen durch diese Transacctalisierung führt.Die durch Bestrahlung oder katalytisch induzierte Festkörperpolymerisation von 1,3,5-Trioxan oder 1,3,5,7-Tetroxan stellt ein Beispiel für simultane Polymerisation und Kristallisation dar. Einige molekulare Modelle für das Wachstum der Ketten werden auf Grund der morphologischen Beobachtung entwickelt. Es zeigt sich, daß bei diesen Reaktionen im allgemeinen keine wirklichen gestrecktkettigen Kristalle des Poly(oxymethylen)s. (POM) entstehen; Ursache dafür ist entweder Kettenfaltung (Dichtefluktuation entlang der Faserachse) oder Zwillingsbildung (Orienticrungsfluktuation). Art und Ursprung der Zwillingsbildung von POM aus kristallinem 1,3,5-Trioxan wird im einzelnen erörtert.Die topochemische Polymerisation von Monomeren mit konjugierten Dreifachbindungen gibt ein Beispiel für Polymerisation in fester Lösung. Die Polymerketten wachsen als isolierte Einheiten im Gitter des Monomeren. In einigen Fällen kann das gesamte Monornere ohne Phasentrennung umgesetzt werden. Dadurch entstehen makroskopische Polymer-Einkristalle aus gestreckten Ketten. die bisher noch nicht auf andere Weise dargestellt werden konnten.
    Notes: Some solid-state reactions which give rise to the formation of polymer crystals are discussed and the observation of the nascent polymer morphology is used as a guide-line to learn about the reaction mechanism of solid-state polymerizations. Examples for the following three different mechanisms are treated in detail: (a) crystallization succeeding polymerization, (b) simultaneous polymerization and crystallization, and (c) polymerization in solid solution.The nascent morphology of poly(alkylene)s obtained by Ziegler-Natta catalysis is taken as an example for crystallization succeeding polymerization. Another example is the cationic polymerization of 1,3,5-trioxane from solution. In this case a thermodynamic equilibrium between the phases of the solid crystalline polymer and the dissolved monomer is approached; here, by breaking up chain folds and insertion of monomeric units, an increase in thickness of the crystals takes place, which finally leads to extended chain crystals by this transacetalization.The solid-state polymerization of 1,3,5-trioxane and 1,3,5,7-tetroxane as induced by high-energy radiation or catalysts is described as an example for simultaneous polymerization and crystallization. Possible molecular models of the chain growth are developed on the basis of the morphological observations. Truly extended chain crystals of poly(oxymethylene), (POM), cannot be obtained generally from solid 1,3,5-trioxane or 1,3,5,7-tetroxane; the reason for this is either chain-folding (density fluctuation along the fibre axis) or “twin”-structure formation (orientation fluctuation). The nature and origin of the “twin”-structure of POM from crystalline 1,3,5-trioxane is discussed in detail.Topochemical polymerization of monomers with conjugated triple-bonds is an example for polymerization in solid solution. The polymer chains grow as isolated macromolecules within the monomer lattice. Since quantitative conversion can be reached in some cases without phase separation, this comprises a method to produce macroscopic, extended chain polymer single crystals, which so far could not be prepared by another method.
    Additional Material: 28 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 179 (1978), S. 2573-2576 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 179 (1978), S. 2013-2029 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Crystalline 1,4-diethynylnaphthalene (1) is photochemically polymerized in the solid state by a radical mechanism. Only the chain initiation step is induced by light, whereas chain propagation also occurs in the dark. The polymerization is controlled by diffusion processes within partially melted domains of the crystal, ultimately leading to a completely disordered system. The reaction rate, however, also depends on the packing of the monomer in the crystal lattice and - in the beginning of the reaction - the polymer chains have a preferential orientation with regard to the crystal axes of the monomer. Radical polymerization in solution indicates that - due to the lack of effective chain termination steps - 1 can be polymerized rather effectively as compared to other acetylenes. The photochemically induced polymerization is approximately of second order with regard to monomer concentration.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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