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  • Chemistry  (4,004)
  • ASTROPHYSICS  (485)
  • Chemical Engineering  (426)
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  • ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION  (365)
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer International 41 (1996), S. 419-425 
    ISSN: 0959-8103
    Keywords: polyurethane ; cell growth ; phase separation ; hydrogen bonding index ; cytotoxicity ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polyurethanes (PU) with suitable soft segments have been found to be good blood-compatible polymers and have attracted much attention recently. In this study, various molar amounts of 4,4′-methylene bisphenyl isocyanate reacted with poly(tetramethylene oxide) were synthesized to explore the optimal ratio of hard/soft segments for cell attachment and proliferation in in vitro systems. Differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis were used to determine the physical properties, hydrogen bonding index (HBI) and transmission electron microscopy to observe the phase-separation phenomena in the materials, and 3T3 fibroblast to evaluate the dependence of the cell proliferation at 37°C on the material properties. Our results show that cell attachment and proliferation are closely related to the cell growth surface, which in turn is controlled by (1) the ratio of hard to total segment concentration and (2) the recrystallization temperature (Tc) of PU. To obtain a good cell growth surface, the ratio of hard to total segment concentration is found to be between 0.4 and 0.6, and HBI is between 1.5 and 2.1. Furthermore, when the Tc of PU is near the physiology temperature, a stable surface for cell growth can be provided. The shorter molecules in the soft segment region can rearrange the molecular chain at 37°C.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 58 (1995), S. 69-76 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Low to moderate molecular weight terpene-anhydride resins were synthesized and evaluated in coatings applications. The terpenes used were terepinolene, β-pinene, and alloocimene. The comononmers used were maleic or itaconic anhydride. The terpene-anhydride resins were used to formulate solvent-borne coatings with an epoxy or diol as a coreactant. The coatings were evaluated as films over aluminum or steel panels. When a diol was used as a coreactant, the film properties were relatively poor. When epoxy was used as a coreactant, the properties of the films were much improved in terms of resistance to solvent and hardness. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A study has been made of the structure and properties of alternating equimolar and random copolymers of vinylcyclohexanne and α-methylvinylcyclohexane with acrylonitrile using infrared and 1H-NMR spectroscopy methods, as well as x-ray diffraction and differential thermal analyses. The spectral methods allowed an estimation of the composition and distribution of comonomer units in the copolymer macrochains. The thermal stability of alternating copolymers was found to be higher than that of polyacrylonitrile. Alternating and random copolymers are amorphous products with various dimensions of crystallites. Information on the molecular motion intensity and temperatures of structural transitions in copolymer macrochains was obtained by the spin-probe technique.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Eine thermische (a) und eine reduktive (b) Methode zur Herstellung von Mikanez-Estern wird beschrieben. Bei der ersten gelang der Nachweis des monomeren Vorläufers, 1,3-Butadien-2-carboxylester. (a)trans/cis-Gemische von Methyl resp. Äthyl 2-Brom-1-methylcyclopropancarboxylat (14/15 resp. 16/17), mit Tri-n-butylzinnhydrid aus den entsprechenden 2,2-Dibrom-1-methylcyclopropancarboxylaten 12 resp. 13 hergestellt, wurden bei 480°/1,7 Torr pyrolysiert. Die bei -78° daraus abgefangenen Kondensate bestanden aus den 1,3-Butadien-2-carboxylaten 5 und 6, im Falle des Äthylesters 6 durch seine 1H-NMR.-Signale charakterisiert und als Addukt (19) mit 4-Phenyl-1,2,4-triazolin-3,5-dion (18) abgefangen (55%). Beim Erwärmen der Kondensate dimerisierten die Dienester 5 resp. 6, so dass sich Dimethyl resp. Diäthyl Mikanezat (9 resp. 10) isolieren liess (67 resp. 100%).(b)Behandlung von Methyl 2(E)-2-Methyl-2-butenoat (20) mit 2 Äquivalenten N-Bromsuccinimid gab (25%) Methyl 2(Z)-4-Brom-2-brommethyl-2-butenoat (21). (Mit 3 Äquivalenten entstand ein Stereomerengemisch 2(Z)- und 2(E)-4,4-Dibrom-2-brommethyl-2-butenoat (22 und 23)). Reduktion des Dibromesters 21 mit Zink in Tetrahydrofuran, Methanol oder Eisessig ergab (50%) Dimethyl Mikanezat (9). Von einer Iodolaktonisierung der aus 9 durch Verseifung hergestellten Mikanezsäure (8) erhielt man 4-Iodo-7-oxo-1-vinyl-6-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-4endo-carbonsäure (24), dessen Bildungsleichtigkeit und IR.-Bande bei 1780 cm eine unabhängige Bestätigung dafür liefert, dass Mikanezsäure (8) durch Kopf-zu-Kopf-Diels-Alder-Dimerisierung von 1,3-Butadien-2-carbonsäure (4) entsteht.Aus Methyl (E)-2-Methyl-2-pentenoat (25) wurde auf gleiche Weise, d.h. über Dibromierung zu 27 und Reduktion mit Zink in Äther, Dimethyl 3,2′-Dimethylmikanezat (29) gewonnen. Die Multiplizität des 1H-NMR.-Signals von H—C(3) in 29 bestätigt, wiederum unabhängig, dass die Dimerisierung des Dienesters (in diesem Fall 28) in Kopf-zu-Kopf-Diels-Alder-Weise stattfindet.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 621-623 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: GC-MS ; Catechin ; Epicatechin ; Flavonoids ; Plasma ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 32 (1996), S. 645-653 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Collagen has been widely coated or grafted onto polymer surfaces to improve the biocompatibility of materials. To better support the growth of endothelial cells on polyurethane (PU), collagen was grafted to the carboxyl group enriched PU through 1,2-bis(2,3-epoxypropoxy)ethane linking. Our results demonstrated that collagen in various conditions may result in different forms being grafted to the PU substrate, which subsequently affected the growth of endothelial cells. Collagen predialyzed against physiological phosphate buffered saline (PBS) could be reconstituted into native type fibrils with a bigger diameter at 37°C than could collagen neutralized by titration with NaOH. At low temperature, titrated collagen formed flosslike fibrils packed in a ball with cobblestonelike morphology. The amount of collagen grafted was related to the condition of the collagen used, which in consequence affected the diameter of the collagen fibril formed and the growth of endothelial cells. In conclusion, reconstituted collagen fibrils formed from collagen in PBS at 37°C grafted in the highest amounts to an epoxy-PU substrate and that optimally supported the growth of endothelial cells. Such prepared materials may be potentially good vascular bioprosthetic materials and may provide a wide range of biological applications. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: biodegradable barrier films ; canine periodontal defects ; rabbit subcutaneous implants ; mass loss ; polymer degradation rate ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Biodegradable barrier films were made by coagulating a solution of poly(DL-lactide) in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone on porous polyethylene pads wetted with saline solution. The semisolid films were cut into 10 × 10 mm barriers and implanted subcutaneously in rabbits. At monthly intervals, the polymer implant sites were compared histologically to those implanted with USP negative control plastic. The polymer films were retrieved from the surrounding tissue, dried, weighed, and the changes in molecular weight determined using gel permeation chromatography. The molecular weight of the polymer decreased at a relatively constant rate over 5 months; however, no significant mass loss occurred until 5 months postimplantation. Also, no distinct histological differences were noted between the polymer barrier and the control plastic sites until 6 months when histiocytes and multinucleated giant cells showed a modest increase around fragmented polymer films. Similar barrier films also were fitted over naturally occurring buccal dehiscence defects in beagle dogs and the tissue sites compared histologically at 6 months to sham-operated control sites. New bone and dense connective tissues closely approximated segments of the remaining polymer and demonstrated the biocompatibility of the biodegradable films. Histomorphometric analyses of treated sites compared to sham controls showed that the polymer barrier is effective in promoting bone and cementum regeneration in periodontal defects in dogs. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 42, 303-311, 1998.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 39 (1998), S. 176-183 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: hydroxyapatite ; crystallinity ; materials characterization ; alkaline phosphatase activity ; osteocalcin concentration ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The clinical success of dental implants is governed by implant surfaces and bone cell responses that promote rapid osseointegration and long-term stability. The specific objective of this study was to investigate osteoblast precursor cell responses to hydroxyapatite (HA) surfaces of different treatments. Since the nature of bone cell responses in vitro is influenced by the properties of HA ceramics, this study was divided into two components: a chemical and crystallographic characterization of the HA ceramics and an in vitro cell culture study. The sintered HA samples were observed to have the highest crystallite size as compared to the as-received HA and calcined HA samples. No differences in the surface roughness and chemical composition were observed among the sintered, calcined, and as-received HA surfaces. In concurrence with the X-ray diffraction, high resolution XPS resolution of Ca 2p also indicated a higher crystallinity on sintered HA samples as compared to the calcined and as-received HA samples. As indicated by increased alkaline phosphatase-specific activity, increased cell-surface and matrix-associated protein, and 1,25 (OH2) vitamin D3-stimulated osteocalcin production, a more differentiated osteoblast-like phenotype was observed on the sintered HA surfaces compared to the as-received HA and calcined HA surfaces. An increased osteoblast-like cell activity on the sintered HA surfaces suggested that the crystallite size of HA surfaces may play an important role in governing cellular response. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 39, 176-183, 1998.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 8 (1976), S. 354-356 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: 77Se n.m.r. spectra of twenty-six organoselenium compounds, including some with an endocyclic selenium atom, have been recorded. Our measurements complete the scale of chemical shifts previously established by McFarlane. It seems difficult to define a range of chemical shifts which is characteristic of the valency state of selenium or of its endo- or exocyclic position. Some results are discussed qualitatively. In the case of selenolo[2,3-b]thiophene, evidence has been obtained for a 4J[Se, H] coupling across the sulphur atom.
    Notes: La résonance magnétique du 77Se a été observée dans vingt-six composés organiques dont certains contiennent un atome de sélénium endocyclique. Nous avons pu ainsi compléter l'échelle de déplacements chimiques établie par McFarlane. II apparaît difficile de définir une gamme de déplacement chimique du 77Se caractéristique de son état de valence ou de sa position endo- ou exocyclique. Certains résultats sont discutés qualitativement. Dans le cas du sélénolo [2,3-b]thiophène, des arguments en faveur d'un couplage 4J(Se, H) à travers l'atome de soufre ont été découverts.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A low-energy spectrometer for the X-ray analysis of plutonium and plutonium-containing materials has been built. We use ultra-thin window to maintain different pressures and contamination level in the spectrometers's sample and crystal chambers. Ultra-thin windows are also used on the X-ray tube and detector. Methods have been developed by which the spectrometer can analyze both metal and loose-powder samples. Representative calibration spectra are presented for the fluorine band in polyfluoroethylene, the oxygen band in α-Al2 O3, and the carbon band in graphite. Experimental spectra are presented for the fluorine band in PuF3 and for the oxygen ban in PuO2.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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