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  • Articles  (15)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (15)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (15)
  • 1995-1999  (11)
  • 1980-1984  (4)
  • Natural Sciences in General  (15)
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  • Articles  (15)
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  • Wiley-Blackwell  (15)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Computer graphics of SEM images facilitate recognition of chromosome position in isolated human metaphase plates (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 30 (1995), S. 408-418 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Mitosis ; Chromosomes ; Lung cells ; HeLa S3 ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: There is general agreement that at the time of mitosis chromosomes occupy precise positions and that these positions likely affect subsequent nuclear function in interphase. However, before such ideas can be investigated in human cells, it is necessary to determine first the precise position of each chromosome with regard to its neighbors. It has occurred to us that stereo images, produced by scanning electron microscopy, of isolated metaphase plates could form the basis whereby these positions could be ascertained. In this paper we describe a computer graphic technique that permits us to keep track of individual chromosomes in a metaphase plate and to compare chromosome positions in different metaphas plates. Moreover, the computer graphics provide permanent, easily manipulated, rapid recall of stored chromosome profiles. These advantages are demonstrated by a comparison of the relative position of group A - specific and groups D - and G - specific chromosomes to the full complement of chromosomes in metaphase plates isolated from a nearly triploid human-derived cell (HeLa S3) to a hypo-diploid human fetal lung cell. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070300507
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrochemical and microstructural study of oxide films formed electrochemically at microcrystalline al-fe-v-si alloys (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 31 (1995), S. 285-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Oxide film ; Barrier film ; Ultramicrotomy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: A recent advance in metallurgical technology has been the application of rapid solidification techniques to Al alloy production. FVS0812 is the designation given to a microcrystalline Al-based alloy consisting of 8 wt% Fe, 1 wt% V and 2 wt% Si. It is a two-phase alloy, consisting of ca. 27 vol percent of approximately spherical Fe-V-Si-rich dispersoids in an essentially pure Al matrix. The high strength, low density properties of this advanced material, and other related alloys, have not yet been realized, however, due, in part, to the inability of the alloy to form a thick, adherent, abrasion-resistant outer surface oxide film, a feature readily achieved at conventional Al alloys by normal anodizing methods. The present research has involved an electro-chemical study of oxide film growth at the 812 alloy, with the specific goals being to seek an understanding of the origin of the oxide film growth problem and ultimately to propose alternative approaches to the formation of a thick, stable oxide film at this material. The techniques used in this research have included electrochemical methodologies such as cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Crucial information has been obtained through transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of ultramicrotomed specimens. Experiments were carried out initially in neutral borate solutions to characterize the compact barrier oxide film formed in this environment and expected to be present beneath the porous oxide film formed in the normal sulfuric acid anodizing medium. In borate solutions, the electrochemical results implied oxide film thicknesses which were less than seen subsequently by TEM work, suggesting either that the barrier film at the 812 alloy can be penetrated by solution in very fine pores (not resolvable by conventional TEM) at its outer surface or that dispersoids trapped in the oxide film cause differential oxide film thicknesses to develop across the alloy surface. In sulfuric acid solutions, dissolution of Fe and V occurs from the 812 alloy during anodization. Both impedance and TEM studies reveal the absence of a barrier film at the 812 alloy surface. Also, the thick oxide overlayer has a tortuous and more open pore structure than formed at Al and the oxide film is also substantially thinner than it should be. It is suggested that the absence of a barrier oxide film indicates that the sulfuric acid anodizing medium is too aggressive for oxide film formation at the 812 alloy, resulting in excessive dissolution and poor oxide film qualities. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070310405
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scanning electron microscopy of the human esophagus: Application to barrett's esophagus, a precancerous lesion (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 31 (1995), S. 248-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Esophageal reflux ; Morphometry ; Distinctive cell ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: In Barrett's esophagus, metaplastic columnar epithelium replaces the normal squamous epithelium. The importance of this lesion lies in the increased incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus occuring in patients with Barrett's esophagus. We characterized the surface epithelial cells of Barrett's esophagus using quantitative scanning electron microscopy. Three distinct surface cell types, in addition to the goblet cell, were recognized in Barrett's epithelium: the gastric-like cell and the intestinal-like cell, both of which were similar to normal gastric and small intestinal surface cells, respectively, by quantitative scanning electron microscopy, and the variant cell which had a range of surface features. In four biopsy specimens from the squamo-Barrett's junction in three patients, we found the distinctive cell that had features intermediate between those of squamous and columnar epithelium. On the distinctive cell's surface there are two disparate structures not normally present on the same cell in the gastrointestinal tract: microvilli (a scanning electron microscopy feature of glandular epithelium) and intercellular ridges (a scanning electron microscopy feature of squamous epithelium). The surface characteristics of this cell were almost identical to those of cells found in the transformation zone of the uterine cervix, an area in which squamous epithelium physiologically replaces columnar epithelium. Scanning electron microscopy of Barrett's esophagus has increased our understanding of this precancerous lesion by showing striking cellular heterogeneity. It has also identified the distinctive cell which may represent an intermediate step in the development of Barrett's epithelium during which the surface characteristics of two different cell types, columnar and squamous, coexist in the same cell. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070310308
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation of biological tissue sections for correlative ion, electron, and light microscopy (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 1 (1984), S. 299-309 
    Details
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Ion microscopy ; Correlative microscopy ; Electron probe microanalysis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: In order to correctly interpret the chemical images obtained using ion microscopy (IM), it is useful to correlate them with the information provided by conventional light microscopy (LM), secondary electron imaging (SEI), backscattered electron imaging (BEI), and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). Accordingly, we have devised a technique of specimen preparation which allows for the application of several different microanalytical techniques to a single histologic section mounted on the same substrate. Sections are cut onto polyester plastic coverslips (devoid of peaks for any element with atomic number 〉 9 using EPMA) and studied by LM. After a light rotary coating with carbon (to prevent charging), the section can then be examined by SEI, BEI, and EPMA. Specific areas can be marked for IM study either with an objective-mounted pin tissue microlocater, or by placing small pieces of metal foil, cut in specific geometric shapes, over features of interest. After sputter-coating the sample with platinum, metal-free shadows are visible using a low-power reflected light microscope available on a typical IM sample chamber as a guide for ion beam placement. The conductive coatings also minimize specimen charging during IM. Post-IM light microscopy, SEI, and BEI are used to confirm the location of specific areas probed in the IM experiments and to provide information on differential ion-sputtering artifacts and tissue contaminants. This new correlative technique should permit better understanding of the images obtained with these diverse instruments.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1060010309
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Postembedding colloidal-gold immunocytochemistry of noncollagenous extracellular matrix proteins in mineralized tissues (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 31 (1995), S. 44-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Mineralization ; Bone ; Cartilage ; Cementum ; Dentin ; Enamel ; Osteopontin ; Osteocalcin ; Bone sialoprotein ; Amelogenin ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Immunocytochemistry is a powerful tool for investigating protein secretion, extracellular matrix assembly, and cell-matrix and matrix-matrix/mineral relationships. When applied to the tissues of bones (bone and calcified cartilage) and teeth (dentin, cementum, and enamel), where calcium phosphate-containing extracellular matrices are the predominant structural component related to their weight-bearing and masticatory roles, respectively, data from immunocytochemical studies have been prominent in advancing our understanding of mineralized tissue modeling and remodeling. The present review on the application of postembedding, colloidal-gold immunocytochemistry to mineralized tissues focuses on the advantages of this approach and relates them to conceptual, theoretical, and experimental data currently available discussing matrix-mineral interactions and extracellular matrix formation and turnover in these tissues. More specifically, data are summarized regarding the distribution and role of noncollagenous proteins in different mineralized tissues, particularly in the context of how they interface with mineral, and how this relationship might be affected by the various tissue-processing steps and immunocytochemical strategies commonly implemented to examine the distribution and function of tissue proteins. Furthermore, a technical discussion is presented that outlines several different possibilities for epitope exposure in mineralized tissues during preparation of thin sections for transmission electron microscopy. Cell biological concepts of protein secretion by cells of the mineralized tissues, and subsequent extracellular matrix assembly and organization, are illustrated by examples of high-resolution, colloidal-gold immunolabeling for osteopontin, bone sialoprotein, and osteocalcin in the collagen-based mineralized tissues and for enamel protein (amelogenin) in enamel. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070310105
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphological study of changes in the baboon oviductal epithelium during the menstrual cycle (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 32 (1995), S. 13-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Ciliated and secretory cells as related to menstrual cycle ; LM ; SEM ; TEM ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Oviductal epithelium of the baboon, Papio cynocephalus, was studied utilizing light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. Results of counts made of nonciliated, ciliated, and ciliogenic cells were analyzed statistically. The percentages of nonciliated cells of the fimbria and ampulla during the early proliferative and late secretory stages of the menstrual cycle were significantly greater than those during the mid-proliferative and late proliferative-early secretory stages, due to deciliation. This paper emphasizes previously unreported apical surface morphology as viewed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The microvillar pattern of the fimbrial secretory cells differs from that of the ampullar and isthmic cells in that the microvilli originate from thick apical protrusions and vary greatly in length and number as related to the cycle. A ridge demarcating the apical intercellular junction is composed of rows of microvilli during the early proliferative and late secretory stages. During the early proliferative and late secretory stages an increased degree of invagination of the basal and lateral plasma membranes occurs as the height and width of the cells decreases. The general numbers and distribution of the organelles of the various types of oviductal cells agree with that described for the ampulla and isthmus by Verhage et al. [(1990) Am. J. Anat., 187:81-90]; however, fimbrial epithelium was not included in that study. Other cyclic ultrastructural changes not examined previously include variation in the number of lipid droplets and their location, and in the number and relationships of glycogen particles to other structures. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070320103
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of SEM processing methods for cultured human lens epithelial cells grown on flat and microcarrier bead substrates (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 30 (1995), S. 419-426 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Sublimation drying ; Peldri II ; Tert-butyl alcohol ; Cell morphology ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The increasing importance of in vitro models has presented new challenges in SEM processing techniques. The present study has evaluated the quality of preservation of cultured human lens epithelial cells processed by critical point, Peldri II, and tert-butyl alcohol drying. Specimens processed by critical point drying produced specimens with severe cracking of cell processes and microcracks across cell membrane surfaces. Peldri II and tert-butyl alcohol drying eliminated breakage of the filopodia and lamellipodia as well as eliminating the microcracks across the apical membrane surface. The morphology of lens epithelial cells grown on Cytodex 3 beads appeared rounded with convoluted membrane surfaces. These morphological features were present for cells processed by all three methods. Cytodex 3 beads were subsequently shown to shrink 52% in diameter during dehydration, which results in an 89% reduction in volume for the bead. Cells grown on Biosilon beads, which do not shrink, had a morphology similar to the cells grown on a flat substrate. These results indicate that Peldri II and tert-butyl alcohol drying offer an attractive alternative to critical point drying when preparing cultured cells for SEM. Interpretation of cultured cell morphology must consider shrinkage of the substrate material as a possible contributor to artifact. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070300508
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution and possible role of perinuclear theca proteins during bovine spermiogenesis (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 32 (1995), S. 520-532 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Perinuclear ; theca proteins ; Spermiogenesis ; Acrosome ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The perinuclear theca (PT) is a unique cytoskeletal element that encapsulates the mammalian sperm nucleus. It is divided into subacrosomal and postacrosomal regions. The objective of this study was to analyze and stage the intracellular distribution of several promiment bull PT proteins during spermatogenesis. For this purpose, polyclonal antibodies raised and affinitypurified against the 15.5-, 25-, 28-, 32-, 36-, and 60-kDa bull PT polypeptides were used as probes on sections of aldehyde-fixed testes. Immunoperoxidase staining revealed that the PT polypeptides first appeared early in spermiogenesis, concomitant with early steps of development of the acrosomic system. Immunogold labeling further showed that these polypeptides were peripherally associated with the entire acrosomal membrane, before and during the attachment of the acrosomic vesicle onto the spermatid's nucleus. Once the acrosome had capped the nucleus the labeling resided mainly in the subacrosomal region of the spermatid, between the inner acrosomal membrane and nuclear envelope. Later, during the elongation of the spermatid's nucleus, the labeling with all antibodies except the anti-15.5-kDa antibody extended caudally over the assembling postacrosomal sheath. This study suggests that the perinuclear theca proteins play an instrumental role in the attachment, spreading, and binding of the acrosome onto the nucleus of spermatids. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070320605
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two models of multiple sclerosis: Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) and theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection. A pathological and immunological comparison (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 32 (1995), S. 215-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: EAE ; TMEV ; Demyelination ; Remyelination ; Multiple sclerosis ; Oligodendrocyte ; Schwann cell ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) are considered among the best models of human multiple sclerosis (MS). In both models, clinical disease is characterized by paralysis, while pathological changes consist of inflammatory demyelination. In both models there is a genetic influence on susceptibility/resistance to the development of disease. This has been thoroughly studied in TMEV infection, and it has been found to depend on both major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and non-MHC genes. At least four genes have been so far identified. Because of this genetic influence, some strains of mice are more susceptible to both clinical and pathological changes than others, and susceptibility appears to best correlate with the ability of a certain murine strain to develop a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to viral antigens. We have also observed that even among mice which are equally susceptible clinically, striking differences may be seen under pathological examination. These consist of different gradients of severity of inflammation, particularly in regards to the macrophage component. There is an inverse relationship between the number of macrophages, and their length of stay in the CNS, and the ability of mice to remyelinate their lesions. The most severe lesions are in SJL/J mice, and remyelination in this strain is extremely poor. The least severe lesions in terms of macrophage invasion are in strains such as NZW and RIIIS/J, and these are able to remyelinate lesions very successfully. Murine chronic relapsing EAE (CR-EAE) shows pathological changes in many ways similar to those in TMEV-infected SJL/J mice, although less severe in terms of degrees of macrophage infiltration and tissue destruction. Mice with CR-EAE have a correspondingly limited ability to remyelinate their lesions. In both models the pathology appears to be mediated through a DTH response. However, while in EAE the DTH response is clearly against neuroantigens, the response in TMEV infection is against the virus itself. The end result in both models would be that of myelin destruction through a lymphotoxincytokine-mediated mechanism. The importance of the DTH response in both models is well illustrated by the effects of tolerance induction in EAE and TMEV infection to neuroantigens and virus, respectively. These are important models of human MS, since the current hypothesis is that a viral infection early in life, on the appropriate genetic background, may trigger a secondary misdirected immune response which could be directed either against myelin antigens and/or possible persistent virus(es). © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070320305
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Design and implementation of a database and program for 3D reconstruction from serial sections: A data-driven approach (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 30 (1995), S. 496-512 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: 3D reconstruction ; Computer-aided reconstruction ; Database ; Serial sectioning ; Contour model ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: This paper describes a structured approach for a standard setup of a computer program for 3D reconstruction from serial sections. Three-dimensional reconstruction as a technique increases in importance as, along with modern immunohistochemical techniques, it is a tool in the understanding of three-dimensional development patterns. In order to apply 3D reconstruction technique in a standard laboratory setup, an attempt was made to streamline the input and the manipulation of the data such that results are obtained easily. One will find a combination of two approaches in this paper: the first is a strict ordering of the complex data, and the second is an ordering of the processes that one wishes to apply on the data (together, these two approaches constitute an information analysis); because it was observed that developmental biologists tend to work from simple lines to describe their observations, the contour model was chosen as the vehicle to build a reconstruction model from. Consequently, the data is ordered in a database that has to be manipulated to get the data out in the desired format. The most important output format is a display of the reconstructed contour stack on a graphical computer screen. Together with the other data manipulation processes, such as the input, the inspection, the revision (correction), and the reconstruction, all processes are described using the reconstruction of an 11 embryonic days (ED) rat embryo as an example. Finally, the merits of the program are illustrated with an example from the development of the human embryonic heart. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070300607
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