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  • Articles  (24)
  • 1995-1999  (20)
  • 1980-1984  (2)
  • 1960-1964  (2)
  • 1940-1944
  • Medicine  (14)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (10)
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  • Articles  (24)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Structural genes of phospholipid biosynthesis in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are activated by the Ino2p/Ino4p transcription factor that binds to ICRE promoter motifs and mediates maximal gene expression in the absence of inositol. We identified the ino80 mutation causing inositol auxotrophy as a result of a defect in ICRE-dependent gene activation. The product of the corresponding wild-type gene INO80 (= YGL150C) shows significant similarity to the Snf2p family of DNA-dependent ATPases. Nevertheless, SNF2 in increased gene dosage did not suppress ino80 mutant phenotypes. Mutation of the Ino80p lysine residue corresponding to the NTP binding site of Snf2p led to a non-functional protein. In ino80 null mutants, gene activation mediated by an ICRE decreased to 16% of the wild-type level. Maximal expression of PHO5, GAL1, CYC1 and ICL1 was also significantly reduced. Thus, Ino80p affects several transcription factors involved in unrelated pathways. As demonstrated by gel filtration, Ino80p is part of a high-molecular-weight complex of more than 1 MDa. Similar to what was found for Snf2p, the Ino80p-containing complex may influence the transcriptional level of several unrelated structural genes by functioning as an ATPase that possibly acts on chromatin.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, growth with a non-fermentable carbon source requires co-ordinate transcriptional activation of gluconeogenic structural genes by an upstream activation site (UAS) element, designated CSRE (carbon source-responsive element). The zinc cluster protein encoded by CAT8 is necessary for transcriptional derepression mediated by a CSRE. Expression of CAT8 as well as transcriptional activation by Cat8p is regulated by the carbon source, requiring a functional Cat1p (= Snf1p) protein kinase. The importance of both regulatory levels was investigated by construction of CAT8 variants with a constitutive transcriptional activation domain (INO2TAD) and/or a carbon source-independent promoter (MET25 ). Whereas a reporter gene driven by a CSRE-dependent synthetic minimal promoter showed a 40-fold derepression with wild-type CAT8, an almost constitutive expression was found with a MET25–CAT8–INO2TAD fusion construct due to a dramatically increased gene activation under conditions of glucose repression. Similar results were obtained with the mRNA of the isocitrate lyase gene ICL1 and at the level of ICL enzyme activity. Taking advantage of a Cat8p size variant, we demonstrate its binding to the CSRE. Our data show that carbon source-dependent transcriptional activation by Cat8p is the most important mechanism affecting the regulated expression of gluconeogenic structural genes.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ACS1 gene, encoding one out of two acetyl-CoA synthetase isoenzymes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is strictly regulated at the transcriptional level by the carbon source of the medium. While ACS1 is poorly expressed in the presence of a high glucose concentration, a several hundred-fold derepression occurs with ethanol as the sole carbon source or under conditions of sugar limitation. The molecular mechanism responsible for the carbon source control of ACS1 turned out to be highly complex. A carbon source-responsive element (CSRE), previously identified upstream of gluconeogenic structural genes, and a binding site of the alcohol dehydrogenase regulator, Adr1p, together mediate about 80% of the derepressed gene activity. Binding of Adr1p synthesized by Escherichia coli to the ACS1 control region was shown by an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. In addition to these activating elements, two URS1 motifs confer negative control on the ACS1 promoter. The URS1 element was found to be a constitutive repression site, which is most effective from a downstream position with respect to an upstream activation site (UAS). In a mutant lacking the URS1-binding factor, Ume6p, ACS1 expression was partially glucose insensitive. Ume6p must counteract transcription factors that are constitutively active. Site-directed mutagenesis of Abf1p binding sites in the ACS1 promoter significantly reduced gene expression in the ume6 mutant, grown under repressing conditions. Thus, a functional balance of the pleiotropic positive factor Abf1p and the negative factor Ume6p is in part responsible for glucose repression of ACS1. The combined influence of the regulated UAS elements, CSRE and Adr1p binding site, mediates a strong increase in ACS1 expression under derepressing conditions.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The higher plant Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) is an important model for identifying plant genes and determining their function. To assist biological investigations and to define chromosome structure, a coordinated effort to sequence the Arabidopsis genome was initiated in late 1996. Here we ...
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS immunology and medical microbiology 20 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1574-695X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Macrophage cells play a central role during infection with Listeria monocytogenes by both providing a major habitat for bacterial multiplication and presenting bacterial antigens to the immune system. In this study, we investigated the influence of L. monocytogenes infection on the expression of MHC class I and class II genes in two murine macrophage cell lines. Steady-state levels of I-Aβ chain mRNA were decreased in both resting J774A.1 and P388D1 macrophages infected with L. monocytogenes whereas reduction of H-2K mRNA was only observed in P388D1 cells. In addition, L. monocytogenes suppressed induction of MHC class I and class II mRNAs in response to γ-interferon as well as the maintenance of the induced state in activated P388D1 macrophages. Exposure to the non-pathogenic species L. innocua or a deletion mutant of L. monocytogenes, which lacks the lecithinase operon, did not cause a reduction in H-2K and I-Aβ mRNA levels nor suppress expression of Ia antigens. Inhibition of MHC gene expression may represent an important part of the cross-talk between L. monocytogenes and the macrophage that probably influences the efficiency of a T cell-mediated immune response and thus the outcome of a listerial infection.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archive of applied mechanics 69 (1999), S. 765-784 
    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Keywords: Key words Finite elements, statistical equivalent linearization, component-mode synthesis, complex modal analysis, random eigenvalue problem, hysteresis, damping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary This paper focuses on the stochastic dynamic response of structures modeled by finite elements with a relatively large number of degrees of freedom. FE models with nonlinearities and uncertain (stochastic) system properties are discussed. It is shown that component mode synthesis can be used most advantageously to solve the issue of computational efficiency and feasibility. The stochastic response due to stochastic loading of large FE models with nonlinear elements is determined by statistical equivalent linearization (EQL). The developed component-mode synthesis allows to determine the complex modal properties of arbitrary large linearized finite element models. Nonsymmetric structural matrices, as a result of the EQL, and filters for modeling of filtered white noise can be treated by the suggested approach. Since the efficiency of the procedure is nearly independent of the number of degrees-of-freedom (DOF) involved, statistical equivalent linearization becomes applicable for arbitrary detailed FE models. Furthermore, the dynamic response of FE models with uncertain or stochastic system properties is discussed. In this case, Monte Carlo simulation is suggested as the most appropriate approach for FE models. The paper focuses on the random eigenvalue problem for large FE systems as the computationally most demanding part of the dynamic analysis. Component-mode synthesis is used to provide in an efficient manner all the eigenvalue solutions of the FE system needed by the Monte Carlo simulation.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 64 (1984), S. 89-95 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: ethanol ; plasma membranes ; phospholipid (rat liver) ; miocroviscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Male Wistar rats were maintained for 35–40 days on a liquid diet containing 36% of calories as ethanol. Ethanol was replaced by carbohydrates in the isocaloric diet fed to control animals. The effect of ethanol consumption has been studied on the fluorescence polarization of rat liver plasma membranes and artificial lipid vesicles and on the lipid composition of the membranes. Fluorescence polarization in both membranes and vesicles was determined using DPH and TMA-DPH as fluorescence markers; from these data, the polarization term (ro/r−1)−1 and flow activation energy (ΔE) were calculated. The ethanol consumption induces a more fluid environment within the membrane core of liver plasma membranes; the ethanol-fed rat membranes are more resistant to the in vitro effect of ethanol disordering the membrane structure. Vesicles obtained with lipids from either control membranes or ethanol-fed rat membranes were treated with ethanol and the changes in polarization paralleled to those exhibited by the membranes. The absence of phase transitions and of ΔE changes was also shown in temperature-dependence studies. The lower cholesterol content found in ethanol-fed rat plasma membranes might be responsible for observed variations in the microviscosity.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0935-9648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 621-631 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The relationship of the intercrystalline corrosion of a non-stabilised 18/10-chromium-nickel steel with some test solutions and with the potential in boiling 2 n H2SO4Specimens of an austenitic 18/20 nickelchromium steel with about 0.06 pC C, quenched at 1300° C and annealed for different periods of time at 550 or 675° C were potentiostatically subjected to the attack of boiling 2n-H2SO4, of a nitric / hydrofluoric acid pickle at room temperature, and of boiling acids in accordance with the Strauss, Huey and Streicher test. Subsequently, the corrosion rates were determined by weighing and the corrosion examined by visual inspection and microscopically.In the active and passive condition grain boundary corrosion is only encountered after sensitizing annealing. In this connection, the potential merely determines the intensity of the grain boundary attack, but not its occurrence as such. The influence of the potential is more marked at higher than at lower sensitizing annealing temperatures. The test results can easily be interpreted with the aid of the chrome reduction theory.In the transition zone to the transpassive condition, and in the latter, an intercrystalline corrosion attack occurs which depends but little on the sensitizing annealing, and which also occurs with solution-annealed specimens. It is also in this zone of the potential that the non-potentiostatic tests according to Huey and Streicher are carried out.The test results show a specific reaction to chrome reduction of the corrosion attack in the active and passive condition, i.e. the attack in the hydrofluoric/nitric acid pickle and in the Strauss solution. In contrast, the Huey and Streicher tests additionally bring in other properties which, in the main, have an influence on the excess potential of the cathodic part-reaction. These testing agents cannot be regarded as specific criteria for the grain decomposition proneness.
    Notes: Proben eines austenitischen 18/10-Chrom-Nickel-Stahles mit etwa 0,06% C, die von 1300° C abgeschreckt und verschieden lange bei 550 und 675° C geglüht worden waren, wurden potentiostatisch dem Angriff siedender 2n-H2SO4, einer Salpetersäure-Flußsäure-Beize bei Raumtemperatur sowie dem Angriff siedender Säuren entsprechend dem Strauß, Huey- und Streicher-Test unterworfen. Anschließend werden die Korrosionsgeschwindigkeiten durch Wägung bestimmt und der Korrosionsangriff visuell und mikroskopisch im Schliffbild untersucht.Im Aktiv- und Passivzustand tritt Korngrenzenkorrosion nur nach einer Sensibilisierungsglühbehandlung auf. Das Potential bestimmt hierbei nur die Intensität des Korngrenzenangriffs und nicht das Auftreten desselben an sich. Der Einfluß des Potentials ist bei hohen Sensibilisierungslühtemperaturen stärker ausgeprägt, als bei niedrigen Temperaturen. Die Versuchsergebnisse lassen sich mit Hilfe der Chromverarmungstheorie zwanglos deuten.Im Übergangsbereich zum Transpassivzustand erfolgt ein interkristalliner Angriff, der nur wenig von der Sensibilisierungsglühbehandlung abhängt und auch bei lösungsgeglühten Proben auftritt. In diesem Potentialbereich erfolgen auch die nicht potentiostatischen Prüfungen nach Huey und Streicher.Die Versuchsergebnisse zeigen, daß der Angriff im Aktiv- und Passivzustand, also der Angriff in der Flußsäure-Salpeter- Beize und in der Straußschen Lösung, spezifisch auf Chromverarmung ansprechen. Beim Huey- und Streicher-Test werden dagegen zusätzlich noch Eigenschaften, die im wesentlichen die Überspannung der kathodischen Teilreaktion beeinflussen, miterfaßt. Diese Prüfmittel können nicht als spezifisch für die Kornzerfallsanfälligkeit angesehen werden.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 24 (1997), S. 875-892 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: adaptive parallel multigrid method ; local refinement criteria ; incompressible Navier-Stokes equations ; hole pressure problem ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this paper an adaptive parallel multigrid method and an application example for the 2D incompressible Navier-Stokes equations are described. The strategy of the adaptivity in the sense of local grid refinement in the multigrid context is the multilevel adaptive technique (MLAT) suggested by Brandt. The parallelization of this method on scalable parallel systems is based on the portable communication library CLIC and the message-passing standards: PARMACS, PVM and MPI. The specific problem considered in this work is a two-dimensional hole pressure problem in which a Poiseuille channel flow is disturbed by a cavity on one side of the channel. Near geometric singularities a very fine grid is needed for obtaining an accurate solution of the pressure value. Two important issues of the efficiency of adaptive parallel multigrid algorithms, namely the data redistribution strategy and the refinement criterion, are discussed here. For approximate dynamic load balancing, new data in the adaptive steps are redistributed into distributed memories in different processors of the parallel system by block remapping. Among several refinement criteria tested in this work, the most suitable one for the specific problem is that based on finite-element residuals from the point of view of self-adaptivity and computational efficiency, since it is a kind of error indicator and can stop refinement algorithms in a natural way for a given tolerance. Comparisons between different global grids without and with local refinement have shown the advantages of the self-adaptive technique, as this can save computer memory and speed up the computing time several times without impairing the numerical accuracy. © 1997 By John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Int. J. Numer. Methods Fluids 24, 875-892, 1997.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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