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  • IR  (2)
  • Genetic engineering  (1)
  • 1995-1999  (3)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979
  • 1960-1964
  • 1955-1959
  • 1870-1879
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  • 1995-1999  (3)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Genetic engineering ; KDEL retention signal ; signal peptide ; single-chain antibody ; targeting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of subcellular localization on single-chain antibody (scFv) expression levels in transgenic tobacco was evaluated using an scFv construct of a model antibody possessing different targeting signals. For translocation into the secretory pathway a secretory signal sequence preceded the scFv gene (scFv-S). For cytosolic expression the scFv antibody gene lacked such a signal sequence (scFv-C). Also, both constructs were provided with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention signal KDEL (scFv-SK and scFv-CK, respectively). The expression of the different scFv constructs in transgenic tobacco plants was controlled by a CaMV 35S promoter with double enhancer. The scFv-S and scFv-SK antibody genes reached expression levels of 0.01% and 1% of the total soluble protein, respectively. Surprisingly, scFv-CK transformants showed considerable expression of up to 0.2% whereas scFv-C transformants did not show any accumulation of the scFv antibody. The differences in protein expression levels could not be explained by the steady-state levels of the mRNAs. Transient expression assays with leaf protoplasts confirmed these expression levels observed in transgenic plants, although the expression level of the scFv-S construct was higher. Furthermore, these assays showed that both the secretory signal and the ER retention signal were recognized in the plant cells. The scFv-CK protein was located intracellularly, presumably in the cytosol. The increase in scFv protein stability in the presence of the KDEL retention signal is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Selenites ; hydrates ; X-ray ; IR ; crystal structure ; pseudosymmetry ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Polymorphic and Pseudosymmetrical Hydrates MSeO3 · H2O (M = Mn, Co, Ni, Zn, Cd)By crystallization from aqueous solutions of MSeO3 and M(HSeO3)2, the selenites MSeO3 · H2O (M = Mn, Co, Ni, Zn, Cd) were obtained and characterized by means of X-ray diffraction and IR-spectroscopy. The crystal structure of ZnSeO3 · H2O was determined. The IR spectra indicate that the hydrates are isotypic and contain H2O molecules of symmetry mm2. However, the X-ray data show different structure types with H2O molecules of site symmetry m or 1. CdSeO3 · H2O and MnSeO3 · H2O are isotypic (o.rh., MnSeO3 · D2O type). CoSeO3 · H2O (mon.) as well as the isotypic NiSeO3 · H2O and ZnSeO3 · H2O (mon.) form new structure types. These findings are discussed on the basis of the crystal structure of ZnSeO3 · H2O (P21/n, a = 477.9(1), b = 1319.4(5), c = 570.1(1) pm, β = 90.84(2)°, Z = 4, Dx = 3.886 g · cm-3, R = 0.035 for 722 reflections with I 〉 2σ1) and the local pseudosymmetry of its components, i.e., layers ∞2[ZnSeO3 · H2O] of ZnO6 octahedra sharing four equatorial vertices, SeO32- anions and H2O molecules.
    Notes: Durch Kristallisation aus MSeO3- und M(HSeO3)2-Lösungen wurden die Selenite MSeO3 · H2O (M = Mn, Co, Ni, Zn, Cd) erhalten und röntgenographisch sowie IR-spektroskopisch charakterisiert. Von ZnSeO3 · H2O wurde die Kristallstruktur bestimmt. Die IR-Spektren deuten auf Isotypie der Hydrate und H2O-Moleküle der Symmetrie mm2. Die Röntgenbeugungsdaten zeigen dagegen das Vorliegen verschiedener Strukturtypen mit H2O-Molekülen der Lagesymmetrie m oder 1. CdSeO3 · H2O und MnSeO3 · H2O sind isotyp (o.rh., MnSeO3 · D2O-Typ). CoSeO3 · H2O (mon.) sowie die isotypen NiSeO3 · H2O und ZnSeO3 · H2O (mon.) kristallisieren in neuen Strukturtypen. Diese Befunde werden auf der Basis der Kristallstruktur von ZnSeO3 · H2O (P21/n, a = 477,9(1), b = 1319,4(5), c = 570,1(1) pm, β = 90,84(2)°, Z = 4, Dx = 3,886 g · cm-3, R = 0,035 für 722 Reflexe mit I 〉 2σ1) und der lokalen Pseudosymmetrie ihrer Bausteine (Schichten ∞2[ZnSeO3 · H2O] aus vierfach eckenverknüpften ZnO6-Oktaedern, SeO32--Anionen und H2O-Moleküle) diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Hydrogen selenites ; crystal structure ; IR ; Raman heating ; thermal analysis ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Hydrates M(HSeO3)2 · 4H2O (M = Mg, Co, Ni, Zn) - Crystal Structures, IR, Raman, and Thermoanalytical InvestigationsFrom aqueous solutions of M(HSeO3)2 single crystals of Mg(HSeO3)2 · 4H2O and of the hitherto unknown compounds Co(HSeO3)2 · 4H2O, Ni(HSeO3)2 · 4H2O and Zn(HSeO3)2 · 4H2O could be obtained. The crystal structures, X-ray powder, IR, Raman and thermoanalytical (DTA, TG, Raman heating) data are presented and discussed. The crystal data of the isotypic compounds are: monoclinic, space group C2/c, Z = 4, Mg: a = 1 464.6(2), b = 755.3(1), c = 1 099.9(1) pm, β = 126.59(1)°, V = 0.9769(1) nm3, Co: a = 1 462.5(2), b = 756.5(2), c = 1 102.2(2) pm, β = 126.53(1)°, V = 0.9798(2) nm3, Ni: a = 1 452.2(2), b = 751.0(1), c = 1 091.5(1) pm, β = 126.28(1)°, V = 0.9595(1) nm3, Zn: a = 1 468.3(2), b = 755.8(1), c = 1 103.1(1) pm, β = 126.79(1)°, V = 0.9804(2) nm3. The crystal structures consist of hexagonal packed [M(HSeO3)2 · 2H2O]n chains of [MO4(H2O)2] octahedra linked by Se atoms. They contain trigonal pyramidal SeO2OH-ions with “free” hydroxyl groups and also “free” molecules of water of crystallization. The hydroxyl groups build strong H-bonds (O—H … O distances: 265-268 pm). The IR spectra show AB doublett bands in the OH stretching mode region of the hydroxyl groups. The water molecules of crystallization are linked to planar (H2O)4 tetramers by H-bonds with unusually short O—H … O bond distances of 271-273 pm. DTA and TG measurements indicate that thermal decomposition results in the direct formation of the respective diselenite MSe2O5. Raman heating measurements show under quasi static conditions the intermediate formation of the anhydrous hydrogen selenites.
    Notes: Aus M(HSeO3)2-Lösungen konnten erstmals Einkristalle von Mg(HSeO3)2 · 4H2O sowie die bisher nicht bekannten Verbindungen Co(HSeO3)2 · 4H2O, Ni(HSeO3)2 · 4H2O und Zn(HSeO3)2 · 4H2O erhalten werden. Die Kristallstrukturen, Röntgenpulverdaten, IR- und Raman-Spektren sowie die Ergebnisse thermoanalytischer (DTA, TG, Raman-Heizaufnahmen) Untersuchungen werden mitgeteilt und diskutiert. Die Kristalldaten der isotypen Verbindungen sind: monoklin, Raumgruppe C2/c, Z = 4, Mg: a = 1 464,6(2), b = 755,3(1), c = 1 099,9(1) pm, β = 126,59(1)°, V = 0,9769(1) nm3, Co: a = 1 462,5(2), b = 756,5(2), c = 1 102,2(2) pm, β = 126,53(1)°, V = 0,9798(2) nm3, Ni: a = 1 452,2(2), b = 751,0(1), c = 1 091,5(1) pm, β = 126,28(1)°, V = 0,9595(1) nm3, Zn: a = 1 468,3(2), b = 755,8(1), c = 1 103,1(1) pm, β = 126,79(1)°, V = 0,9804(2) nm3. Die Kristallstrukturen bestehen aus hexagonal gepackten [M(HSeO3)2 · 2H2O]n-Ketten Se-verbrückter [MO4(H2O)2]-Oktaeder. Sie enthalten trigonal pyramidale SeO2OH--Ionen mit „freien“ Hydroxylgruppen und „freie“ Kristallwassermoleküle. Die Hydroxylgruppen bilden starke H-Brücken (O—H … O-Abstände: 265-268 pm). Die IR-Spektren zeigen im Bereich der OH-Streckschwingungen der Hydroxylgruppen AB-Doublett-Banden. Die Kristallwassermoleküle sind zu planaren (H2O)4-Tetrameren mit ungewöhnlich kurzen O—H … Ow-Abständen (271 - 273 pm) H-verbrückt. Die thermische Zersetzung führt nach DTA- und TG-Messungen direkt zum jeweiligen Diselenit MSe2O5. Mittels Raman-Heizaufnahmen unter Quasi-Gleichgewichtsbedingungen konnte erstmals die intermediäre Bildung wasserfreier Hydrogenselenite beobachtet werden.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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