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  • Chemistry  (12)
  • Disturbance  (1)
  • Genetic engineering  (1)
  • Granivory  (1)
  • 1995-1999  (5)
  • 1980-1984  (7)
  • 1975-1979  (2)
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  • 1955-1959
  • 1870-1879
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Genetic engineering ; KDEL retention signal ; signal peptide ; single-chain antibody ; targeting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of subcellular localization on single-chain antibody (scFv) expression levels in transgenic tobacco was evaluated using an scFv construct of a model antibody possessing different targeting signals. For translocation into the secretory pathway a secretory signal sequence preceded the scFv gene (scFv-S). For cytosolic expression the scFv antibody gene lacked such a signal sequence (scFv-C). Also, both constructs were provided with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention signal KDEL (scFv-SK and scFv-CK, respectively). The expression of the different scFv constructs in transgenic tobacco plants was controlled by a CaMV 35S promoter with double enhancer. The scFv-S and scFv-SK antibody genes reached expression levels of 0.01% and 1% of the total soluble protein, respectively. Surprisingly, scFv-CK transformants showed considerable expression of up to 0.2% whereas scFv-C transformants did not show any accumulation of the scFv antibody. The differences in protein expression levels could not be explained by the steady-state levels of the mRNAs. Transient expression assays with leaf protoplasts confirmed these expression levels observed in transgenic plants, although the expression level of the scFv-S construct was higher. Furthermore, these assays showed that both the secretory signal and the ER retention signal were recognized in the plant cells. The scFv-CK protein was located intracellularly, presumably in the cytosol. The increase in scFv protein stability in the presence of the KDEL retention signal is discussed.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant ecology 145 (1999), S. 83-90 
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Dispersal ; Disturbance ; Granivory ; Germinable seed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The sources of seed for seedbank build-up in an acidic grassland were identified from analysis of differences in seedbank build-up over one year between plots where the input of rabbit pellets to ‘seed-free’ soil had either been left or removed. In parallel, the flux of seed arriving in rabbit pellets was monitored. Pellet seed content and total seed input were highest in late summer/early autumn and again in the spring. The seed content of the pellets was dominated by a small number of species: Sagina apetala, Senecio jacobaea, Urtica dioica and Veronica arvensis. Smaller seeded species were more likely to be present as germinable seed in the pellets. Seedbank build-up as a result of wind, splash or adhesive dispersal totalled 547 seedsm2. The additional effect of allowing seed input in pellets was 267 seedsm2, though this increase was not significant. The total increase in seedbank over one year was equivalent to 15–20% of the seedbank present in undisturbed soil. Eight species showed a significant build-up of seed in the seedbank over one year as a result of all means of dispersal, but only Myosotis discolor showed a significantly higher soil germinable seed content in the plots where pellets had been allowed to remain in situ. The build-up of seed in the seedbank is contrasted with the build-up of vegetation on disturbed areas within the same system.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 117 (1984), S. 2547-2554 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis and Crystal Structure of 3-(Lithiomethyl)-1,1,2,2-tetramethylcyclopropane, a Stable Cyclopropylmethyllithium CompoundThe cyclic chlorine and mercury compounds 6 and 9 as well as the open-chain chloro compound 7 react with lithium power in diethyl ether to afford the pure cyclopropylmethyllithium compound 10 completely free of diethyl ether. Only at - 60°C starting with 7 besides 10.8% of the corresponding open-chain organolithium compound 11 was detected. X-ray analysis of 10 showed solvent-free hexameric clusters with the lithium atoms forming a trigonal antiprism with unoccupied trianglular faces on the top and at the bottom while each of the six laterally triangular faces is coordinated to a 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropylmethyl ligand.
    Notes: Sowohl die cyclischen Chlor- und Quecksilberverbindungen 6 und 9 als auch die offenkettige Chlorverbindung 7 liefern bei der Umsetzung mit Lithiumpulver in Diethylether die reine etherfreie Cyclopropylmethyllithium-Verbindung 10. Nur bei - 60°C lassen sich ausgehend von 7 noch 8% der entsprechenden offenkettigen Lithiumverbindung 11 neben 10 nachweisen. Die Röntgenstrukturanalyse von 10 ergab hexamere Cluster, in denen die Lithiumatome ein trigonales Antiprisma bilden, dessen obere und untere Dreiecksfläche unbesetzt ist, während über jeder der sechs seitlichen Dreiecksflächen ein 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylcyclopropylmethyl-Rest koordiniert ist.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Proton Resonance Spectroscopy of Unsaturated Ringsystems, XXIX. Simple Synthesis of Benzocyclooctene by Protonation of Biphenylene DianionBiphenylene dianion (1) reacts with H2O to give 4a,8b-dihydrobiphenylene (3) that opens thermally to give benzocyclooctene (4) (yield 〉 80%). At 0°C 3 has a half life of 1 min. The activation parameters of the rearrangement 3 → 4 are δH* = 78.8 ± 5.0 kJ/mol and δS* = - 7.3 ± 8.7 j/mol K. 3 reacts with maleic anhydride to give a Diels-Alder adduct, whose structure has been determined by X-ray analysis.
    Notes: Biphenylen-Dianion (1) reagiert mit H2O zu 4a,8b-Dihydrobiphenylen (3). das thermisch zu Benzocylcoocten (4) öffnet (Ausb. 〉 80%). Bei 0°C besitzt 3 eine Halbwertszeit von 1 min. Die Aktivierungsparameter der Umlagerung 3 → 4 betragen δH* = 78.8 ± 5.0 kJ/mol und δS* = - 7.3 ± 8.7 J/mol K. 3 liefert mit Maleinsäureanhydrid ein Diels-Alder-Addukt, dessen Struktur röntgenographisch bestimmt wurde.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Phosphorus sulfides ; 31P NMR spectroscopy ; phosphorus sulfur melts ; tetra phosphorus hexasulfide ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Molecular Composition of Solidified Phosphorus-Sulfur Melts and the Crystal Structure of β-P4S6Phosphorus sulfur melts were annealed for one week at 673 K and then quenched in ice water. The solids were dissolved in CS2 and the concentrations of phosphorus sulfides were determined by 31P NMR spectroscopy. Samples containing between 44 and 70 mol% sulfur dissolved completely in CS2. Between 0 and 42 mol% remains an insoluble residue of red phosphorus. Above 72 mol% it consisted of sulfur chains linked by phosphorus atoms. The solutions contained mainly the congruently melting compounds P4S3, P4S7, and P4S10 having maximum concentrations at their stoichiometric compositions. Other compounds P4Sn (n = 4-9) which decompose on heating, according to the phase diagram, were also found in surprisingly high concentrations. One of these was β-P4S6 which crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with the lattice parameters a = 702.4(2), b = 1 205.6(2), c = 1 148.9(6) pm and β = 103.4(2)°.Reaction of white phosphorus with sulfur was also investigated. In contrast to the results of previous authors, who described the system P4-S8 below 373 K as eutectic, we found that the elements reacted below this temperature.
    Notes: Phosphor-Schwefel-Schmelzen wurden eine Woche bei 673 K getempert und anschließend in Eiswasser abgeschreckt, dann in CS2 gelöst und die Konzentration der Phosphorsulfide mit Hilfe der 31P-NMR-Spektroskopie bestimmt. Proben mit Zusammensetzungen zwischen 44 und 70 Mol-% Schwefel lösten sich vollständig auf. Zwischen 0 und 42 Mol-% Schwefel traten als unlöslicher Rückstand roter Phosphor, oberhalb von 72 Mol-% Schwefel über Phosphoratome vernetzte Schwefelketten auf. Die löslichen Bestandteile waren hauptsächlich die kongruent schmelzenden Verbindungen P4S3, P4S7 und P4S10. Die maximalen Konzentrationen lagen bei den jeweiligen stöchiometrischen Zusammensetzungen. Andere P4Sn (n = 4-9) Verbindungen, deren Molekülkristalle sich beim Erwärmen peritektisch oder peritektoid zersetzen, wurden ebenfalls mit höheren Konzentrationen gefunden, dazu gehörte β-P4S6, das in der monoklinen Raumgruppe P21/c mit den Gitterkonstanten a = 702,4(2), b = 1 205,6(2), c = 1 148,9(6) pm und β = 103,4(2)° kristallisiert.Die Reaktion von weißem Phosphor mit Schwefel wurde ebenfalls untersucht. Im Gegensatz zu Angaben anderer Autoren, die das P4-S8-System unterhalb von 373 K als einfach eutektisch beschreiben, wurden in diesem Temperaturbereich Reaktionen zwischen den Komponenten beobachtet.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Selenites ; hydrates ; X-ray ; IR ; crystal structure ; pseudosymmetry ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Polymorphic and Pseudosymmetrical Hydrates MSeO3 · H2O (M = Mn, Co, Ni, Zn, Cd)By crystallization from aqueous solutions of MSeO3 and M(HSeO3)2, the selenites MSeO3 · H2O (M = Mn, Co, Ni, Zn, Cd) were obtained and characterized by means of X-ray diffraction and IR-spectroscopy. The crystal structure of ZnSeO3 · H2O was determined. The IR spectra indicate that the hydrates are isotypic and contain H2O molecules of symmetry mm2. However, the X-ray data show different structure types with H2O molecules of site symmetry m or 1. CdSeO3 · H2O and MnSeO3 · H2O are isotypic (o.rh., MnSeO3 · D2O type). CoSeO3 · H2O (mon.) as well as the isotypic NiSeO3 · H2O and ZnSeO3 · H2O (mon.) form new structure types. These findings are discussed on the basis of the crystal structure of ZnSeO3 · H2O (P21/n, a = 477.9(1), b = 1319.4(5), c = 570.1(1) pm, β = 90.84(2)°, Z = 4, Dx = 3.886 g · cm-3, R = 0.035 for 722 reflections with I 〉 2σ1) and the local pseudosymmetry of its components, i.e., layers ∞2[ZnSeO3 · H2O] of ZnO6 octahedra sharing four equatorial vertices, SeO32- anions and H2O molecules.
    Notes: Durch Kristallisation aus MSeO3- und M(HSeO3)2-Lösungen wurden die Selenite MSeO3 · H2O (M = Mn, Co, Ni, Zn, Cd) erhalten und röntgenographisch sowie IR-spektroskopisch charakterisiert. Von ZnSeO3 · H2O wurde die Kristallstruktur bestimmt. Die IR-Spektren deuten auf Isotypie der Hydrate und H2O-Moleküle der Symmetrie mm2. Die Röntgenbeugungsdaten zeigen dagegen das Vorliegen verschiedener Strukturtypen mit H2O-Molekülen der Lagesymmetrie m oder 1. CdSeO3 · H2O und MnSeO3 · H2O sind isotyp (o.rh., MnSeO3 · D2O-Typ). CoSeO3 · H2O (mon.) sowie die isotypen NiSeO3 · H2O und ZnSeO3 · H2O (mon.) kristallisieren in neuen Strukturtypen. Diese Befunde werden auf der Basis der Kristallstruktur von ZnSeO3 · H2O (P21/n, a = 477,9(1), b = 1319,4(5), c = 570,1(1) pm, β = 90,84(2)°, Z = 4, Dx = 3,886 g · cm-3, R = 0,035 für 722 Reflexe mit I 〉 2σ1) und der lokalen Pseudosymmetrie ihrer Bausteine (Schichten ∞2[ZnSeO3 · H2O] aus vierfach eckenverknüpften ZnO6-Oktaedern, SeO32--Anionen und H2O-Moleküle) diskutiert.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 452 (1979), S. 37-42 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contributions to the Chemistry of Sulfur. 115. Crystal and Molecular Structure of BenzopentathiepineThe structure of benzopentathiepine has been determined from three-dimensional single-crystal X-ray data. The crystal are monoclinic, space group P21/c, with 4 molecules in the unit cell of dimensions a = 6.942(4) Å, b = 10.223(10) Å, c = 13.015(8) Å, β = 102,15(10)°. The conformation of the seven-membered ring is the chair form. Details of the conformation are discussed. Bond distances, bond angles, and dihedral angles are compared with those in other molecules, which have similar structure.
    Notes: Die Struktur von Benzopentathiepin wurde aus Einkristalldaten röntgenographisch bestimmt. Die Kristalle sind monoklin, Raumgruppe P21/c, mit 4 Molekeln in der Elementarzelle. Die Gitterkonstanten sind: a = 6,942(4) Å, b = 10,223(10) Å, c = 13,015(8) Å, β = 102,15(10)°. Der siebengliedrige Ring liegt in der Sesselkonformation vor. Einzelheiten der Konformation werden diskutiert. Bindungslängen und -winkel sowie die Diederwinkel werden mit denen anderer Molekeln ähnlicher Struktur verglichen.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 457 (1979), S. 84-90 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Hydrates of Barium Chloride. X-ray, Thermoanalytical, Raman, and I.R. DataIn the system BaCl2—H2O the hydrates BaCl2 · 2 H2O, BaCl2 · 1 H2O, BaCl2 · 1/2 H2O, and BaCl2 · uH2O were obtained. X-ray powder data, i.r. and Raman spectra, as well as thermoanalytical measurements (TG, DTA) are reported. BaCl2 · 1 H2O and BaCl2 · 1/2 H2O, which are both isotype with the corresponding hydrates of SrCl2, were prepared by dehydration of BaCl2 · 2 H2O or by back hydration of anhydrous BaCl2 with the calculated amounts of water. BaCl2 · uH2O (u ≍ 1) is formed as the primary product by the reaction of anhydrous BaCl2 with water vapour at room temperature. Preparation methods of salt hydrates by controlled back hydration of the anhydrous salts are reported.
    Notes: Im System BaCl2—H2O wurden folgende Hydrate erhalten: BaCl2 · 2 H2O, BaCl2 · 1 H2O, BaCl2 · 1/2 H2O und BaCl2 · uH2O. Röntgenpulverdaten, IR- und Raman-Spektren sowie das Ergebnis thermoanalytischer Messungen (TG, DTA) werden mitgeteilt. BaCl2 · 1 H2O und BaCl2 · 1/2 H2O, die mit den entsprechenden Hydraten des SrCl2 isotyp sind, werden beim Entwässern von BaCl2 · 2 H2O oder durch Umsetzen von wasserfreiem BaCl2 mit der berechneten Menge Wasser erhalten. BaCl2 · uH2O (u ≍ 1) bildet sich als primäres Reaktionsprodukt bei der Umsetzung von wasserfreiem BaCl2 mit Wasserdampf bei Raumtemperatur. Die Darstellung phasenreiner niederer Salzhydrate durch kontrollierte Rückbewässerung der wasserfreien Salze wird beschrieben.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In den Systemen FeSO3—H2O und NiSO3—H2O konnten folgende Hydrate erhalten werden: α-FeSO3 · 3H2O, γ-FeSO3 · 3H2O, FeSO3 · 2,5 H2O, FeSO3 · 2 H2O, NiSO3 · 6 H2O, NiSO3 · 3 H2O, NiSO3 · 2,5 H2O und NiSO3 · 2 H2O. Die Gitterdaten der folgenden Hydrate wurden anhand von Einkristallmessungen bestimmt: γ-FeSO3 · 3 H2O: a = 965,9(1), b = 557,1(1), c = 944,7(1) pm, Z = 4, FeSO3 · 2 H2O (P21/n): a = 645,6(1), b = 863,1(1), c = 761,2(1) pm, β = 99,84(1)°, Z = 4, NiSO3 · 3 H2O: a = 945,0(1), b = 547,2(1), c = 932,5(1) pm, Z = 4, NiSO3 · 2,5 H2O (P41212): a = b = 935,3(1), c = 1016,6(1) pm, Z = 8, NiSO3 · 2 H2O (P21/n): a = 631,4(1), b = 851,0(1), c = 744,7(1) pm, β = 98,91(1)°, Z = 4. Die IR- und Raman-Spektren sowie das Ergebnis thermoanalytischer Messungen (DTA, DTG, Röntgenheizaufnahmen) werden mitgeteilt. Die bei Sulfiten und Sulfithydraten zweiwertiger Metalle bisher beobachteten Strukturtypen werden diskutiert.Sulfites and Sulfite Hydrates of Iron and Nickel. X-ray, Thermoanalytical, I.R., and Raman DataIn the systems FeSO3—H2O and NiSO3—H2O the following hydrates have been found: α-FeSO3 · 3H2O, γ-FeSO3 · 3H2O, FeSO3 · 2,5 H2O, FeSO3 · 2 H2O, NiSO3 · 6 H2O, NiSO3 · 3 H2O, NiSO3 · 2,5 H2O and NiSO3 · 2 H2O. The following crystal data have been determined by single crystal measurements: γ-FeSO3 · 3 H2O: a = 965,9(1), b = 557,1(1), c = 944,7(1) pm, Z = 4, FeSO3 · 2 H2O (P21/n): a = 645,6(1), b = 863,1(1), c = 761,2(1) pm, β = 99,84(1)°, Z = 4, NiSO3 · 3 H2O: a = 945,0(1), b = 547,2(1), c = 932,5(1) pm, Z = 4, NiSO3 · 2,5 H2O (P41212): a = b = 935,3(1), c = 1016,6(1) pm, Z = 8, NiSO3 · 2 H2O (P21/n): a = 631,4(1), b = 851,0(1), c = 744,7(1) pm, β = 98,91(1)°, Z = 4. IR, Raman, and thermoanalytical (DTA, DTG, high temperature X-ray) data are presented. The structure types found for sulfites and sulfite hydrates of bivalent metals are discussed.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Anhydrous Sulfites of Strontium, Barium, Lead, Cadmium, and Manganese. Preparation of Single Crystals by Gel Crystallisation. X-ray, Thermoanalytical, I. R., and Raman DataSingle crystals of the anhydrous sulfites BaSO3, CdSO3-I, PbSO3, and Na2Cd3(SO3)4, and the hitherto unknown sulfites CdSO3-II and CdSO3-III have firstly been obtained by gel crystallization technique. Crystal data determined by single crystal measurements see „Inhaltsübersicht“.I. R., Raman, and thermoanalytical (DTA, TG, DTG, high temperature X-ray) data are presented and discussed. CdSO3-I is the thermodynamically stable form of the three polymorphic cadmium sulfites at ambient temperature.
    Notes: Durch Gelkristallisation in einem Kieselsäuregel konnten erstmals Einkristalle der wasserfreien Sulfite BaSO3, CdSO3-I, PbSO3 und Na2Cd3(SO3)4 sowie der bisher nicht bekannten Sulfite CdSO3-II und CdSO3-III erhalten werden. Die Gitterdaten folgender Sulfite wurden anhand von Einkristallmessungen bestimmt: SrSO3 und BaSO3 (P21/m): a = 634,4(1), b = 526,7(1), c = 443,3(1) pm, β = 106,51(1)° und a = 664,9(1), b = 549,0(1), c = 464,7(1) pm, β = 106,25(1)°, Z = 2, PbSO3 (Pnma): a = 790,3(1), b = 548,8(1), c = 680,2(1) pm, Z = 4, CdSO3-I (P21/c): a = 443,9(1), b = 860,8(1), c = 718,3(1) pm, β = 94,53(1)°, Z = 4, CdSO3-II (P21/c): a = 554,7(1), b = 1254,2(1), c = 849,9(1) pm, β = 100,00(1)°, Z = 8, CdSO3-III (R3): a = 814,5(1) pm, α = 109,04(1)°, Z = 6, Na2Cd3(SO3)4 (C2/c, Cc): a = 1612,8(2), b = 537,2(1), c = 1293,6(1) pm, β = 90,17(1)°, Z = 4. Die IR- und Ramanspektren sowie das Ergebnis thermoanalytischer Messungen (DTA, TG, DTG, Röntgenheizaufnahmen) werden diskutiert. Von den drei polymorphen Cadmiumsulfiten ist CdSO3-I die bei Raumtemperatur thermodynamisch stabile Form.
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